@article {pmid40481170,
year = {2025},
author = {Zanetta, C and Gasperini, C and Amato, MP and Centonze, D and Gallo, P and Patti, F and Riva, A and Filippi, M},
title = {Potential use of the SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody sipavibart in people with multiple sclerosis: definition of different patient archetypes from an Italian expert group perspective.},
journal = {Journal of neurology},
volume = {272},
number = {7},
pages = {446},
pmid = {40481170},
issn = {1432-1459},
mesh = {Humans ; *Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy/immunology/complications/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; Italy ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; *Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Female ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Immunocompromised Host ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Immunocompromised people, including people with MS (PwMS) remain at increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes, highlighting how this population needs additional preventive measures beyond current vaccination. Seven neurologists with experience in the MS field and one infectivologist discussed the use of COVID-19 pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in PwMS, identifying patients' archetypes for PrEP with the monoclonal antibody sipavibart.

METHODS: The following topics were discussed: description of the current SARS-CoV-2 infection scenario; identification of the characteristics of the fragile patient; identification of the ideal candidate for PrEP with sipavibart. The recommendations were then produced accordingly.

RESULTS: Vaccination remains a crucial preventive measure for COVID-19. Age, male sex, and comorbidities are associated with severe outcomes among patients with MS. MS-specific risk factors include higher disability, a progressive disease course, a recent administration of steroids and the treatment with anti-CD20 agents, S1P receptor modulators, cladribine, and anti-CD52 antibodies. Pediatric patients and subjects with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder should also be considered fragile subjects. Subjects who could benefit from PrEP include: PwMS who present risk factors similar to the general population or who present disease-specific risk factors, non-vaccinated PwMS, and PwMS under S1P receptor modulators, anti-CD20 agents, alemtuzumab or cladribine and who present at least one risk factor similar to the general population or one disease-specific risk factor.

DISCUSSION: Subjects with general or disease specific risk factors for severe infections, patients treated with S1P receptor modulators, anti-CD20 agents, alemtuzumab or cladribine, pediatric patients, and pregnant women with MS could represent the ideal candidates for PrEP with sipavibart.},
}

Humans
*Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy/immunology/complications/epidemiology
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
Italy
*Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
*Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods
*Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Female
Male
SARS-CoV-2
Immunocompromised Host

@article {pmid40480666,
year = {2025},
author = {Imerlishvili, E and Gustafson, DR and Pashalishvili, M and Ompad, DC and Djibuti, M},
title = {Studies on cognitive performance among older people living with HIV in eastern Europe and central Asia: a scoping review.},
journal = {BMJ open},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {e094427},
doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094427},
pmid = {40480666},
issn = {2044-6055},
mesh = {Humans ; *HIV Infections/psychology/complications/epidemiology ; Europe, Eastern/epidemiology ; Asia, Central/epidemiology ; Aged ; *Cognition ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the growth of the population of older people living with HIV (PLWH), data on cognitive disorders among older PLWH, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are scarce. These data are especially underrepresented in the literature from eastern Europe and central Asia (EECA).

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aimed to describe the peer-reviewed literature on cognitive health among PLWH in the EECA region.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We selected articles from peer-reviewed journals that reported on cognitive assessments or the prevalence and characteristics of cognitive disorders among adult (≥18 years) PLWH in EECA countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan). Studies assessing cognition among PLWH related to traumatic brain injury, brain tumours, COVID-19, meningitis, neurosyphilis and/or other central nervous system infections were excluded.

SOURCE OF EVIDENCE: We searched for relevant data published up to March 2025 using four online databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO).

CHARTING METHODS: Covidence, a web-based collaborative software platform, was used for data screening and extraction. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts and full texts, resolving disagreements through consensus. The data were extracted based on the predefined data extraction criteria.

RESULTS: A total of 1388 peer-reviewed articles were identified; 295 articles were removed due to duplication; and 1053 and 25 articles were excluded based on the abstract/title and full-text screenings, respectively. Finally, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. All 15 studies used different neuropsychological assessments to measure cognitive performance by domain and/or cognitive disorders among various subgroups of PLWH. One cross-sectional study focused on older populations (≥40 years old), using standardised cognitive performance assessment tests. However, it neither provided information about the prevalence estimate of cognitive disorders nor identified risk factors.

CONCLUSION: Existing literature on cognitive disorders among older PLWH in the EECA region is limited and insufficient to estimate prevalence, or identify risk factors, and ultimately develop appropriate policy addressing the needs of older PLWH in this region. This scoping review underscores the urgent need for large-scale, longitudinal studies employing standardised, culturally adapted neuropsychological batteries and adherence to rigorous reporting standards.},
}

Humans
*HIV Infections/psychology/complications/epidemiology
Europe, Eastern/epidemiology
Asia, Central/epidemiology
Aged
*Cognition
*Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology
Prevalence

@article {pmid40480638,
year = {2025},
author = {Paiva, U and Cortese, S and Flor, M and Moncada-Parra, A and Lecumberri, A and Eudave, L and Magallón, S and García-González, S and Sobrino-Morras, Á and Piqué, I and Mestre-Bach, G and Solmi, M and Arrondo, G},
title = {Prevalence of mental disorder symptoms among university students: An umbrella review.},
journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews},
volume = {175},
number = {},
pages = {106244},
doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106244},
pmid = {40480638},
issn = {1873-7528},
abstract = {This umbrella review synthesizes data on the prevalence of mental disorder symptoms among university students worldwide. A systematic search of seven databases (inception-July 23, 2023) followed PRISMA guidelines. We included meta-analyses assessing the prevalence of mental disorder symptoms, evaluating methodological quality with AMSTAR-2. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted, along with meta-regression and subgroup analyses for moderators (percentage of females, publication date, healthcare-related degrees, COVID-19 pandemic). We included 1,655 primary studies from 62 meta-analyses, encompassing 8,706,185 participants. AMSTAR-2 ratings classified 35 % of meta-analyses as low quality and 65 % as critically low. Pooled prevalence estimates were: depression-mild (35.41 %, CI=33.9-36.93) and severe (13.42 %, CI=8.03-19.92; k=952; n=2,108,813); anxiety-mild (40.21 %, CI=37.39-43.07) and severe (16.79 %, CI=7.21-29.29; k=433; n=1,579,780); sleep disorders (41.09 %, CI=35.7-46.58); eating disorders (17.94 %, CI=15.79-20.20); gambling disorder (6.59 %, CI=5.52-7.75); post-traumatic stress disorder (25.13 %, CI=20.55-30.02); stress (36.34 %, CI=29.36-43.62); and suicide-related outcomes (ideation past 12 months: 10.76 %, CI=9.53-12.06; lifetime ideation: 20.33 %, CI=16.15-24.86; suicide attempt past 12 months: 1.37 %, CI=0.67-2.29; lifetime attempt: 3.44 %, CI=2.48-4.54). Meta-regression analyses identified statistically significant moderators of prevalence such as healthcare academic degrees and the pandemic in the case of depression and studies with more females in the case of sleep disorders. This is the most comprehensive synthesis on the prevalence of mental disorder symptoms in university students, providing crucial insights for clinicians, policymakers, and stakeholders.},
}

@article {pmid40480210,
year = {2025},
author = {Viswanathan, S and Galipeau, J},
title = {Hallmarks of MSCs: Key quality attributes for pharmacology and clinical use.},
journal = {Cell stem cell},
volume = {32},
number = {6},
pages = {878-894},
doi = {10.1016/j.stem.2025.05.008},
pmid = {40480210},
issn = {1875-9777},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; *COVID-19/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy ; },
abstract = {Marketing approval for allogenic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) by international regulatory jurisdictions including the US have been granted. Notwithstanding, the long-heralded clinical and commercial breakthrough for MSC products has never fully manifested. The withdrawal of an allogenic MSC product in Europe, based on inefficacious phase 3 results along with setbacks in industry-sponsored, advanced clinical trials of MSCs for COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have dampened enthusiasm for MSC products. In this perspective, we highlight the hallmarks of MSC identity and potency, and how these can inform surrogate, sensitive critical quality attributes that correlate with clinical effectiveness in a variety of indications. We further highlight host-dependent pharmacological attributes of MSCs, which together with their critical quality attributes drive the observed clinical responses and thus impact the translational utility of MSCs. We provide a rational pathway to additional MSC regulatory approval and deployment for disorders with unmet medical needs.},
}

Humans
*Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
*Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
*COVID-19/therapy
SARS-CoV-2
Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy

@article {pmid40479726,
year = {2025},
author = {Costa, MP and Abdu, JOC and de Moura, MFCS and Silva, AC and Zacaron, TM and de Paiva, MRB and Fabri, RL and Pittella, F and Perrone, ÍT and Tavares, GD},
title = {Exploring the Potential of PLGA Nanoparticles for Enhancing Pulmonary Drug Delivery.},
journal = {Molecular pharmaceutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00118},
pmid = {40479726},
issn = {1543-8392},
abstract = {Lung diseases remain a leading cause of mortality globally, posing a substantial challenge to public health. Conditions such as asthma, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are highly prevalent and of increasing concern due to their rising incidence in recent years. The recent global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has further highlighted the urgent need for more effective therapeutic approaches to combat pulmonary diseases. In this context, growing interest in nanotechnology for pulmonary drug delivery has emerged, driven by its potential to enable localized treatment, reduce dosages, provide controlled release, enhance drug solubility, and improve bioavailability. Among the various nanomaterials explored, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)─a copolymer of lactic and glycolic acids─has gained regulatory approval as a safe, biodegradable, and biocompatible carrier, with an extended-release profile, making it an ideal candidate for the development of nanostructured drug delivery systems. Multiple methodologies are available for synthesizing PLGA nanoparticles tailored to pulmonary administration, supported by a wide array of devices designed to cater to individual patient needs. This review seeks to evaluate the advantages of PLGA-based nanoparticles for pulmonary drug delivery, with a focus on their potential to enhance inhalation therapy formulations.},
}

@article {pmid40479330,
year = {2022},
author = {Tuta Quintero, E and Mosquera Pongutá, AC and Barroso da Silva, EA and Olivella, J and Silvera, AA and Aragón, C and Vásquez, L and Collazos, E and Olivares Vigles, K and Martínez, K and León Machicado, M and Díaz Pérez, YN and Pimentel, J},
title = {[SARS-CoV-2 and post-COVID-19 syndrome in paediatric rheumatology: A scoping review].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40479330},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: An increasing number of musculoskeletal clinical manifestations, the onset of diseases and rheumatological manifestations have been seen in the paediatric population surviving COVID-19, however, the medical literature on the subject is limited.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the available evidence on musculoskeletal symptoms and autoimmune diseases in the paediatric population with post-COVID syndrome.

METHODOLOGY: Scoping systematic review in PubMed and Scopus through search strategies. Observational and experimental studies are included in populations under 21 years of age with and without autoimmune diseases, without time limit in English and Spanish.

RESULTS: The 28 documents included: case reports (n = 6), cross-sectional studies (n = 5), prospective cohort studies (n = 5), retrospective cohort (n = 6), case series (n = 6), ambidirectional section (n = 1), randomized controlled trial (n = 1), and longitudinal section study (n = 1). The total study population was 56,738 patients. The most frequent symptoms presented in long COVID-19 are myalgias and arthralgias. The evidence showing a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection in the development of musculoskeletal symptoms and autoimmune diseases in the convalescent period is limited.

CONCLUSIONS: Myalgias and arthralgias are the most frequent symptoms in long COVID. patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and a history of rheumatic disease who are undergoing immunomodulatory treatment do not have a dangerous risk of developing severe presentations and/or complications of the disease.},
}

@article {pmid40479337,
year = {2022},
author = {Hastall, MR and Scherenberg, V},
title = {[Resistance against preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: causes and strategies for minimization].},
journal = {Pravention und Gesundheitsforderung},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-7},
pmid = {40479337},
issn = {1861-6763},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, resistance against demonstrably effective preventive measures were frequently observed. Such "reactance," characterized by anger and negative cognitions, is experienced (according to psychological reactance theory) when a threat to subjectively important freedoms or attempts to change attitudes or behaviors is perceived.

OBJECTIVES: This paper discusses the role of defensive processes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of an evidence-based and defense-sensitive risk and crisis communication. Triggers and influencing factors of defensive processes are discussed, as well as techniques for minimizing these unwanted reactions.

RESULTS: Defensive reactions should always be anticipated, at least to some extent, but can be reduced through a defense-sensitive communication design. This includes a professional presentation, a respectful and stigma-sensitive approach, positive and efficacy-bolstering information, and by avoiding emotionally overwhelming information such as strong negative emotional appeals or strong loss framings.

CONCLUSION: Communicators should be aware that defensive reactions can be triggered as well as minimized through certain features of risk communication. A consistent, clear, and tailored communication approach is needed to reduce uncertainties, defensiveness, and irritation.},
}

@article {pmid40478540,
year = {2025},
author = {McGraw, M and Morin, A and Tremblay Vaillancourt, V and Poitras, ME and Couturier, Y and Gaboury, I and Poirier, MD},
title = {Chronic Disease Patients' Engagement in Interprofessional Telehealth Collaboration in Primary Care: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of primary care & community health},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {21501319251333858},
pmid = {40478540},
issn = {2150-1327},
mesh = {Humans ; *Telemedicine/organization & administration ; *Primary Health Care/organization & administration ; Chronic Disease/therapy ; *Interprofessional Relations ; *Patient Participation ; *Cooperative Behavior ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {With the rise of people being affected with chronic illness, now the leading cause of mortality worldwide, primary care is overwhelmed with the demand for healthcare services. Primary healthcare is the first resource for patients living with chronic illness, but in 2019, COVID-19 brought healthcare professionals to increase services through virtual care for patients living with chronic illness. In the workplace, such professionals often need to be sufficiently resourced to collaborate, to address collaborative care barriers in telehealth and to keep patients engaged in their health. We performed a scoping review to identify how patients living with chronic diseases actively engage and describe their involvement in the process of interprofessional collaboration within the context of telehealth in primary care settings. We followed Arksey and O'Malley's and the Joanna Briggs Institute's methodological guidelines to conduct this scoping review. The analysis of the retained twelve studies showed little distinction between the experience of interprofessional collaboration from the patient's perspective in a telehealth context compared to a face-to-face context. However, we were able to identify gaps (eg, limited insight onto engagement dynamic, lack of patient-centric research, and insufficient research on patient engagement) relating to the experiences of patients, patient engagement, and professionals who have used telehealth. In an era of digital innovations, this lack of literature regarding the patient experience may jeopardize the quality of the interprofessional collaboration services offered to patients and patient engagement. This gap in patient engagement integrated into interprofessional collaboration in a telehealth context needs to be addressed.},
}

Humans
*Telemedicine/organization & administration
*Primary Health Care/organization & administration
Chronic Disease/therapy
*Interprofessional Relations
*Patient Participation
*Cooperative Behavior
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40479182,
year = {2023},
author = {Tuta-Quintero, E and Santacruz, JC and Camacho, J and Olivella, J and Collazos, E and Gómez, JC and Ochoa, DA and Salazar Villa, J and Rodríguez, JE and Pérez, DF and Gutiérrez, J and Sanabria-Sarmiento, R and Herrera, CE},
title = {[Clinical relationship between reactive arthritis and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A scoping review].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40479182},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a monoarthritis or oligoarthritis that mainly affects the extremities, it can be related to bacterial or viral infections. Currently, COVID-19 has been linked to the development of arthropathies due to its inflammatory component.

OBJECTIVES: A scoping review of the literature that describes the clinical characteristics of ReA in survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review based on the guidelines for reporting systematic reviews adapted for Prisma-P exploratory reviews and steps proposed by Arksey and adjusted by Levan. Experimental and observational studies published in PubMed and Scopus, English and Spanish, which answered the research questions posed, were included.

RESULTS: Twenty-five documents were included describing the main clinical manifestations of ReA in 27 patients with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The time from the onset of symptoms or microbiological diagnosis of COVID-19 to the development of articular and/or extra-articular manifestations compatible with ReA ranged from 7 days to 120 days. The clinical joint manifestations described were arthralgia and oedema, predominantly in knee, ankle, elbow, interphalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and metacarpophalangeal joints.

CONCLUSIONS: Arthralgias in the extremities are the main symptom of ReA in patients with a history of COVID-19, whose symptoms can present in a period of days to weeks from the onset of clinical symptoms or microbiological diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}

@article {pmid40478135,
year = {2023},
author = {Rayegan, S and Shu, C and Berquist, J and Jeon, J and Zhou, LG and Wang, LL and Mbareche, H and Tardif, P and Ge, H},
title = {A review on indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19- modelling and mitigation approaches.},
journal = {Journal of building engineering},
volume = {64},
number = {},
pages = {105599},
pmid = {40478135},
issn = {2352-7102},
abstract = {In the past few years, significant efforts have been made to investigate the transmission of COVID-19. This paper provides a review of the COVID-19 airborne transmission modeling and mitigation strategies. The simulation models here are classified into airborne transmission infectious risk models and numerical approaches for spatiotemporal airborne transmissions. Mathematical descriptions and assumptions on which these models have been based are discussed. Input data used in previous simulation studies to assess the dispersion of COVID-19 are extracted and reported. Moreover, measurements performed to study the COVID-19 airborne transmission within indoor environments are introduced to support validations for anticipated future modeling studies. Transmission mitigation strategies recommended in recent studies have been classified to include modifying occupancy and ventilation operations, using filters and air purifiers, installing ultraviolet (UV) air disinfection systems, and personal protection compliance, such as wearing masks and social distancing. The application of mitigation strategies to various building types, such as educational, office, public, residential, and hospital, is reviewed. Recommendations for future works are also discussed based on the current apparent knowledge gaps covering both modeling and mitigation approaches. Our findings show that different transmission mitigation measures were recommended for various indoor environments; however, there is no conclusive work reporting their combined effects on the level of mitigation that may be achieved. Moreover, further studies should be conducted to understand better the balance between approaches to mitigating the viral transmissions in buildings and building energy consumption.},
}

@article {pmid40478142,
year = {2023},
author = {Gattinoni, L and Brusatori, S and D'Albo, R and Maj, R and Velati, M and Zinnato, C and Gattarello, S and Lombardo, F and Fratti, I and Romitti, F and Saager, L and Camporota, L and Busana, M},
title = {Prone position: how understanding and clinical application of a technique progress with time.},
journal = {Anesthesiology and perioperative science},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
pages = {3},
pmid = {40478142},
issn = {2731-8389},
abstract = {HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: The prone position was first proposed on theoretical background in 1974 (more advantageous distribution of mechanical ventilation). The first clinical report on 5 ARDS patients in 1976 showed remarkable improvement of oxygenation after pronation.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The findings in CT scans enhanced the use of prone position in ARDS patients. The main mechanism of the improved gas exchange seen in the prone position is nowadays attributed to a dorsal ventilatory recruitment, with a substantially unchanged distribution of perfusion. Regardless of the gas exchange, the primary effect of the prone position is a more homogenous distribution of ventilation, stress and strain, with similar size of pulmonary units in dorsal and ventral regions. In contrast, in the supine position the ventral regions are more expanded compared with the dorsal regions, which leads to greater ventral stress and strain, induced by mechanical ventilation.

OUTCOME IN ARDS: The number of clinical studies paralleled the evolution of the pathophysiological understanding. The first two clinical trials in 2001 and 2004 were based on the hypothesis that better oxygenation would lead to a better survival and the studies were more focused on gas exchange than on lung mechanics. The equations better oxygenation = better survival was disproved by these and other larger trials (ARMA trial). However, the first studies provided signals that some survival advantages were possible in a more severe ARDS, where both oxygenation and lung mechanics were impaired. The PROSEVA trial finally showed the benefits of prone position on mortality supporting the thesis that the clinical advantages of prone position, instead of improved gas exchange, were mainly due to a less harmful mechanical ventilation and better distribution of stress and strain. In less severe ARDS, in spite of a better gas exchange, reduced mechanical stress and strain, and improved oxygenation, prone position was ineffective on outcome.

PRONE POSITION AND COVID-19: The mechanisms of oxygenation impairment in early COVID-19 are different than in typical ARDS and relate more on perfusion alteration than on alveolar consolidation/collapse, which are minimal in the early phase. Bronchial shunt may also contribute to the early COVID-19 hypoxemia. Therefore, in this phase, the oxygenation improvement in prone position is due to a better matching of local ventilation and perfusion, primarily caused by the perfusion component. Unfortunately, the conditions for improved outcomes, i.e. a better distribution of stress and strain, are almost absent in this phase of COVID-19 disease, as the lung parenchyma is nearly fully inflated. Due to some contradictory results, further studies are needed to better investigate the effect of prone position on outcome in COVID-19 patients.},
}

@article {pmid40477939,
year = {2023},
author = {Bohl, C and Karnaki, P and Cheli, S and Fornes Romero, G and Glavak Tkalić, R and Papadopoulos, E and Schaefer, M and Berth, H},
title = {[Psychological stress of children and adolescents during the corona pandemic].},
journal = {Pravention und Gesundheitsforderung},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {182-188},
pmid = {40477939},
issn = {1861-6763},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: International studies show that measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to increased mental health problems in children and adolescents. Overall, there are many study activities on this topic, but only a few representative studies for Germany.

OBJECTIVES: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents in Germany will be investigated, as well as the risk and protective factors for mental well-being during the pandemic. Subsequently, an EU-wide project will be outlined, which aims to promote the mental health of students through a training program for teachers and other educators.

METHODS: Using literature databases PubMed and Medline, an unsystematic literature search was carried out in the sense of a narrative review. The studies included in this work were selected based on their thematically appropriate abstract.

RESULTS: The number of children showing mental or behavioral problems increased rapidly. Above all, social isolation, fears and insecurity, as well as conflicts within the family due to excessive demands or financial worries, lead to a deterioration in the psychological situation of children and young people. The consequences are depressive moods, behavioral problems and psychosomatic complaints.

CONCLUSION: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents should not be underestimated. There will also be a special need for support in the coming years.},
}

@article {pmid40477876,
year = {2023},
author = {Chaudhary, KR and Kujur, S and Singh, K},
title = {Recent advances of nanotechnology in COVID 19: A critical review and future perspective.},
journal = {OpenNano},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100118},
pmid = {40477876},
issn = {2352-9520},
abstract = {The global anxiety and economic crisis causes the deadly pandemic coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID 19) affect millions of people right now. Subsequently, this life threatened viral disease is caused due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, morbidity and mortality of infected patients are due to cytokines storm syndrome associated with lung injury and multiorgan failure caused by COVID 19. Thereafter, several methodological advances have been approved by WHO and US-FDA for the detection, diagnosis and control of this wide spreadable communicable disease but still facing multi-challenges to control. Herein, we majorly emphasize the current trends and future perspectives of nano-medicinal based approaches for the delivery of anti-COVID 19 therapeutic moieties. Interestingly, Nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with drug molecules or vaccines resemble morphological features of SARS-CoV-2 in their size (60-140 nm) and shape (circular or spherical) that particularly mimics the virus facilitating strong interaction between them. Indeed, the delivery of anti-COVID 19 cargos via a nanoparticle such as Lipidic nanoparticles, Polymeric nanoparticles, Metallic nanoparticles, and Multi-functionalized nanoparticles to overcome the drawbacks of conventional approaches, specifying the site-specific targeting with reduced drug loading and toxicities, exhibit their immense potential. Additionally, nano-technological based drug delivery with their peculiar characteristics of having low immunogenicity, tunable drug release, multidrug delivery, higher selectivity and specificity, higher efficacy and tolerability switch on the novel pathway for the prevention and treatment of COVID 19.},
}

@article {pmid40477696,
year = {2022},
author = {Bhattacharjee, R and Dubey, AK and Ganguly, A and Bhattacharya, B and Mishra, YK and Mostafavi, E and Kaushik, A},
title = {State-of-art high-performance Nano-systems for mutated coronavirus infection management: From Lab to Clinic.},
journal = {OpenNano},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {100078},
pmid = {40477696},
issn = {2352-9520},
support = {T32 EB009035/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants made emerging novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) pandemic/endemic/or both more severe and difficult to manage due to increased worry about the efficacy and efficiency of present preventative, therapeutic, and sensing measures. To deal with these unexpected circumstances, the development of novel nano-systems with tuneable optical, electrical, magnetic, and morphological properties can lead to novel research needed for (1) COVID-19 infection (anti-microbial systems against SARS-CoV-2), (2) early detection of mutated SARS-CoV-2, and (3) targeted delivery of therapeutics using nano-systems, i.e., nanomedicine. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding all these nano-biotechnology potentials for managing mutated SARS-CoV-2 on a single platform. To bring up the aspects of nanotechnology to tackle SARS-CoV-2 variants related COVID-19 pandemic, this article emphasizes improvements in the high-performance of nano-systems to combat SARS-CoV-2 strains/variants with a goal of managing COVID-19 infection via trapping, eradication, detection/sensing, and treatment of virus. The potential of state-of-the-art nano-assisted approaches has been demonstrated as an efficient drug delivery systems, viral disinfectants, vaccine productive cargos, anti-viral activity, and biosensors suitable for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Furthermore, the process linked with the efficacy of nanosystems to neutralize and eliminate SARS-CoV-2 is extensively highligthed in this report. The challenges and opportunities associated with managing COVID-19 using nanotechnology as part of regulations are also well-covered. The outcomes of this review will help researchers to design, investigate, and develop an appropriate nano system to manage COVID-19 infection, with a focus on the detection and eradication of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. This article is unique in that it discusses every aspect of high-performance nanotechnology for ideal COVID pandemic management.},
}

@article {pmid40477737,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhai, T and Wei, Y and Wang, L and Li, J and Fan, C},
title = {Advancing pathogen detection for airborne diseases.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {3},
number = {4},
pages = {520-524},
pmid = {40477737},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {Airborne diseases including SARS, bird flu, and the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have stimulated the demand for developing novel bioassay methods competent for early-stage diagnosis and large-scale screening. Here, we briefly summarize the state-of-the-art methods for the detection of infectious pathogens and discuss key challenges. We highlight the trend for next-generation technologies benefiting from multidisciplinary advances in microfabrication, nanotechnology and synthetic biology, which allow sensitive, rapid yet inexpensive pathogen assays with portable intelligent device.},
}

@article {pmid40478033,
year = {2022},
author = {Barroso, E and Tuta-Quintero, E and Olivella, J and Aragón, C and Vásquez, L and Acosta, L and Pinzón, O and Pantoja, CA and Collazos, E and Ascanio, YP and Morales, VDCDR and Kuan, JC and Velásquez, LA and Díaz, YN and Pimentel, J},
title = {[Guillain Barré syndrome in the paediatric population. Consequence of active infection or long Covid?].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {335-346},
pmid = {40478033},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Guillain-Barré syndrome is a polyradiculoneuropathy that has been associated with infectious diseases as triggers. There is currently little medical evidence exploring the relationship between the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and long Covid.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize the medical evidence that describes the relationship between post Covid syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome in the paediatric population.

METHODOLOGY: A scoping review was developed using Scopus and PubMed databases, including analytical and/or descriptive experimental and observational studies.

RESULTS: The main clinical manifestations presented by paediatric patients were distal and ascending weakness in the lower limbs and myalgia. The diagnostic approach was based on clinical findings, imaging findings on spinal magnetic resonance and electromyography. The therapeutic strategy is based on the use of intravenous human immunoglobulins.

CONCLUSION: Guillain-Barré syndrome is a frequent disease in the paediatric population with active SARS-CoV-2 infection or in survivors, however, it is necessary to encourage further clinical studies that increase the medical literature that describes this association.},
}

@article {pmid40478016,
year = {2022},
author = {Pryor, RG and Bright, JE},
title = {Chaos, complexity and COVID-19: The Chaos Theory of Careers in 2022.},
journal = {Australian journal of career development},
volume = {31},
number = {3},
pages = {201-205},
pmid = {40478016},
issn = {2200-6974},
abstract = {In acknowledging the contribution of the Australian Journal of Career Development (AJCD's) continuing work to the career development field, this paper briefly outlines the Chaos Theory of Careers (CTC) and its empirical support. Issues relating to closed and open system validation are canvassed. Two types of COVID-19 case study are analysed: a diary study and the pandemic event itself. COVID-19 confirms the CTC's claim that we all live on the edge of chaos.},
}

@article {pmid40477972,
year = {2022},
author = {Tuta-Quintero, E and Mora-Karam, C and Pimentel, J},
title = {[Fibromyalgia in the new era of SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-COVID-19 syndrome: A scoping review].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S7-S16},
pmid = {40477972},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Fibromyalgia is a syndrome characterized by chronic generalized pain, joint stiffness, sleep disorders, fatigue, anxiety and depressive episodes, whose clinical manifestations begin after a physical or emotional trauma. However, few publications describe the clinical impact of COVID-19 on fibromyalgia symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To map the available medical evidence on the impact of COVID-19 and PCS in patients with and without a diagnosis of fibromyalgia prior to infection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exploratory systematic review in PubMed and Scopus, considering articles in English and Spanish, with data on fibromyalgia in the population surviving SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical trial records of the World Health Organization databases were reviewed.

RESULTS: Twelve published articles were included: retrospective studies (n = 4), cross-sectional (n = 2), cases and controls (n = 2), qualitative studies (n = 2), a prospective cohort (n = 1) and a longitudinal section study (n = 1). The total study population of the included publications was 3,060 patients. In addition, one randomized controlled clinical trial and two observational cross-sectional and case-control studies were included. The total sum of the study population was 173 participants.

CONCLUSION: Survivors of COVID-19 with or without a previous diagnosis of fibromyalgia may present an increase in chronic pain, insomnia, joint stiffness, and deterioration in quality of life. The population with a history of fibromyalgia may be more affected by psychological stress, tissue damage to neuromuscular structures, and inflammation due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}

@article {pmid40479176,
year = {2022},
author = {Naik, RB and Singh, U},
title = {A Review on Applications of Chaotic Maps in Pseudo-Random Number Generators and Encryption.},
journal = {Annals of data science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-26},
pmid = {40479176},
issn = {2198-5812},
abstract = {Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the tasks have shifted to an online platform. Sectors such as e-commerce, sensitive multi-media transfer, online banking have skyrocketed. Because of this, there is an urgent need to develop highly secure algorithms which can not be hacked into by unauthorized users. The method which is the backbone for building encryption algorithms is the pseudo-random number generator based on chaotic maps. Chaotic maps are mathematical functions that generate a highly arbitrary pattern based on the initial seed value. This manuscript gives a summary of how the chaotic maps are used to generate pseudo-random numbers and perform multimedia encryption. After carefully analyzing all the recent literature, we found that the lowest correlation coefficient was 0.00006, which was achieved by Ikeda chaotic map. The highest entropy was 7.999995 bits per byte using the quantum chaotic map. The lowest execution time observed was 0.23 seconds with the Zaslavsky chaotic map and the highest data rate was 15.367 Mbits per second using a hyperchaotic map. Chaotic map-based pseudo-random number generation can be utilized in multi-media encryption, video-game animations, digital marketing, chaotic system simulation, chaotic missile systems, and other applications.},
}

@article {pmid40477694,
year = {2023},
author = {Al-Mamun, F and Kaggwa, MM and Hosen, I and Sikder, MT and Griffiths, MD and Mamun, MA},
title = {Suicide related to the COVID-19 pandemic in India: A systematic review.},
journal = {Discover psychology},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {2},
pmid = {40477694},
issn = {2731-4537},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The suicide rate has increased during the pandemic in India. Moreover, several studies, especially press-media reporting suicide studies have been conducted but no systematic review has been attempted in this context. Therefore, the present study systematically investigated the risk factors associated with suicidal behaviors, and the method of suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

METHODS: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was performed to include papers published up until September 30, 2022. From an initial 144 papers, 18 studies which met the inclusion criteria were included in the present review. The Pierson's method was used for quality assessment of the included studies in the present review.

RESULTS: The risk factors associated with suicide comprised: (i) socio-demographic factors (e.g., being aged between 31 and 50 years, male, married, unemployed), (ii) behavior and health-related factors (e.g., unavailability of alcohol and alcohol withdrawal symptoms, poor state of physical health and health issues, family disputes, relationship complexities, and sexual harassment), (iii) COVID-19-related factors (e.g., fear of COVID-19, COVID-19 test results, quarantine or isolation, financial hardship due to the pandemic, having influenza-like symptoms, experiencing stigmatization and ostracism despite testing negative, separation from family due to transport restrictions, misinterpreting other illness symptoms as COVID-19, saving the village from infection, watching COVID-19 videos on social media, online schooling, perceived stigma toward COVID-19, and being suspected of having COVID-19), and (iv) psychopathological stressors (depression, loneliness, stress, TikTok addiction, and poor mental health, suicidal tendencies, helplessness, and worrying). Hanging was the most common method of suicide. In addition, jumping from high buildings, poisoning, drowning, burning, cutting or slitting throat or wrists, self-immolation, medication overdose, electrocution, pesticide, and gun-shot were also used to carry out the suicide.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this research suggest multiple reasons for suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic and knowledge of such factors could aid in developing suicide prevention strategies focusing the most vulnerable cohorts inside and outside India.},
}

@article {pmid40477664,
year = {2022},
author = {Chen, J and Tan, R and Mo, Y and Zhang, J},
title = {The blood-brain barrier in health, neurological diseases, and COVID-19.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {2},
number = {5},
pages = {817-826},
pmid = {40477664},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulating blood, and is critical in controlling the movement of ions, molecules and cells to maintain CNS homeostasis. The disruption of BBB is a key event responsible for the pathology in a number of neurological diseases and has also been shown to be involved in the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections recently. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular components orchestrating BBB formation and function maintenance across species. How this barrier can be modulated for efficient drug delivery into the brain, and how BBB breakdown participates in neurological diseases are discussed. Finally, we highlight the recent work identifying the possible mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 invades CNS by crossing BBB in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.},
}

@article {pmid40477687,
year = {2022},
author = {Murjani, BO and Kadu, PS and Bansod, M and Vaidya, SS and Yadav, MD},
title = {Carbon nanotubes in biomedical applications: current status, promises, and challenges.},
journal = {Carbon letters},
volume = {32},
number = {5},
pages = {1207-1226},
pmid = {40477687},
issn = {2233-4998},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: In the past decade, there has been phenomenal progress in the field of nanomaterials, especially in the area of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In this review, we have elucidated a contemporary synopsis of properties, synthesis, functionalization, toxicity, and several potential biomedical applications of CNTs. Researchers have reported remarkable mechanical, electronic, and physical properties of CNTs which makes their applications so versatile. Functionalization of CNTs has been valuable in modifying their properties, expanding their applications, and reducing their toxicity. In recent years, the use of CNTs in biomedical applications has grown exponentially as they are utilized in the field of drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensors, bioimaging, and cancer treatment. CNTs can increase the lifespan of drugs in humans and facilitate their delivery directly to the targeted cells; they are also highly efficient biocompatible biosensors and bioimaging agents. CNTs have also shown great results in detecting the SARS COVID-19 virus and in the field of cancer treatment and tissue engineering which is substantially required looking at the present conditions. The concerns about CNTs include cytotoxicity faced in in vivo biomedical applications and its high manufacturing cost are discussed in the review.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42823-022-00364-4.},
}

@article {pmid40368188,
year = {2025},
author = {Cao, D and Tian, M and Liu, Z and Guo, K and Peng, J and Ravichandra, A and Ferrell, C and Dong, Y},
title = {Unlock the sustained therapeutic efficacy of mRNA.},
journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society},
volume = {383},
number = {},
pages = {113837},
doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.113837},
pmid = {40368188},
issn = {1873-4995},
mesh = {Humans ; *RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage/therapeutic use/genetics ; Animals ; Nanoparticles/administration & dosage/chemistry ; Lipids/chemistry ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Drug Delivery Systems ; mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Liposomes ; },
abstract = {mRNA therapies have emerged as a transformative class of medicines, offering immense potential across a diverse array of applications. This progress has been particularly evident in the wake of the success of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. As these applications expand, the demand for sustained protein production has become increasingly critical. However, conventional mRNA therapies face significant challenges, including inherent RNA instability and suboptimal expression efficiency, often requiring repeated dosing to maintain therapeutic efficacy over time. This review highlights recent advances in strategies to prolong the therapeutic efficacy of LNP-mRNA systems. We focus on preclinical and emerging approaches aimed at extending the period of protein translation by engineering both the mRNA molecule and the LNP delivery system. Sustained protein expression is a cornerstone of mRNA-based therapeutics, and addressing this challenge is vital for unlocking their therapeutic potential. We hope this review provides valuable insights to guide the development of optimized delivery platforms for LNP-mRNA therapeutics.},
}

Humans
*RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage/therapeutic use/genetics
Animals
Nanoparticles/administration & dosage/chemistry
Lipids/chemistry
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
Drug Delivery Systems
mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage
Delayed-Action Preparations
Liposomes

@article {pmid40164121,
year = {2025},
author = {Trilla, A and Trilla, G and Aldea, M and Vilella, A},
title = {What Is Next for COVID-19 Vaccination?.},
journal = {Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
pages = {82-94},
doi = {10.1055/a-2531-1211},
pmid = {40164121},
issn = {1098-9048},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Vaccination ; },
abstract = {Whenever a new COVID-19 vaccination season starts, we must face new challenges, including which vaccines to use, the update of the high-risk groups to be vaccinated, and especially the type and amount of information to be communicated to people in order to promote vaccination. COVID-19 vaccination recommendations should fit these specific conditions. The use of effective vaccines against the predominant SARS-CoV-2 virus variants and the extent of the immune response (waning immunity) are key aspects to try to protect better the high-risk populations. Updated vaccines are currently swiftly available. However, the number of people vaccinated with any additional booster dose is declining. Improved health information and training for health care professionals, together with the use of better tools to make simpler vaccination recommendations, can encourage higher vaccination rates. Addressing these challenges is essential to improve vaccination coverage and ensure adequate protection in the face of evolving COVID-19 threats. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a constant presence in our society. The virus changes but is neither endemic nor seasonal so far. The Omicron variant prevailed for nearly 2 years and now several of its subvariants like JN.1, KP.2, or XEC are or can be the dominant ones. In the face of this moving situation, the main message must be the same: COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective. The role of current COVID-19 vaccination efforts is to mitigate the severity of the disease and reduce the risk of complications and death, instead of preventing most SARS-CoV-2 infections. New vaccines against COVID-19 are now at different stages of clinical research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Vaccination

@article {pmid39870103,
year = {2025},
author = {Ridelfi, M and Pierleoni, G and Fonseca, VZG and Batani, G and Rappuoli, R and Sala, C},
title = {State of the Art and Emerging Technologies in Vaccine Design for Respiratory Pathogens.},
journal = {Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
pages = {63-81},
doi = {10.1055/a-2500-1878},
pmid = {39870103},
issn = {1098-9048},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control/microbiology/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vaccine Development/methods ; *Bacterial Vaccines ; },
abstract = {In this review, we present the efforts made so far in developing effective solutions to prevent infections caused by seven major respiratory pathogens: influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Advancements driven by the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis have largely focused on viruses, but effective prophylactic solutions for bacterial pathogens are also needed, especially in light of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenomenon. Here, we discuss various innovative key technologies that can help address this critical need, such as (a) the development of Lung-on-Chip ex vivo models to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis process and the host-microbe interactions; (b) a more thorough investigation of the mechanisms behind mucosal immunity as the first line of defense against pathogens; (c) the identification of correlates of protection (CoPs) which, in conjunction with the Reverse Vaccinology 2.0 approach, can push a more rational and targeted design of vaccines. By focusing on these critical areas, we expect substantial progress in the development of new vaccines against respiratory bacterial pathogens, thereby enhancing global health protection in the framework of the increasingly concerning AMR emergence.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/prevention & control
*Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control/microbiology/immunology
SARS-CoV-2
*Vaccine Development/methods
*Bacterial Vaccines

@article {pmid39708836,
year = {2025},
author = {Makan-Murphy, N and Madhi, SA and Dangor, Z},
title = {Safety, Efficacy, and Effectiveness of Maternal Vaccination against Respiratory Infections in Young Infants.},
journal = {Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1055/a-2471-6906},
pmid = {39708836},
issn = {1098-9048},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control ; Infant, Newborn ; *Vaccination/methods ; Infant ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage ; },
abstract = {Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Maternal vaccination is an effective strategy in protecting young infants from LRTI, particularly in the first few months after birth when infant is most vulnerable, and most primary childhood vaccinations have not been administered. Additionally, maternal vaccination protects the mother from illness during pregnancy and the postnatal period, and the developing fetus from adverse outcomes such as stillbirth and prematurity. In this paper, we review the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of maternal vaccines against LRTIs, such as pertussis, influenza, coronavirus disease 2019, and respiratory syncytial virus.},
}

Humans
Female
Pregnancy
*Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control
Infant, Newborn
*Vaccination/methods
Infant
*Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control
COVID-19/prevention & control
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
Influenza, Human/prevention & control
COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage

@article {pmid40477620,
year = {2022},
author = {Serrano, M and Espinosa, G and Cervera, R and Serrano, A},
title = {COVID-19 coagulopathy and antiphospholipid syndrome.},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S25-S34},
pmid = {40477620},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {The presence of thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients has been described since the beginning of the pandemic. This association has been confirmed in most of the reported studies. Autopsy reports have shown that most thromboses are located in the lung, although they have also been observed in other organs such as the skin and kidneys. SARS-CoV2 infection induces a generalized prothrombotic state, which is attributed to a combination of factors such as hypoxia, excess cellular apoptosis, and mainly to overactivation of the immune system. Among immune-mediated prothrombotic situations, antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) stands out. Recurrent thrombotic events are observed in APS in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). There are numerous studies that report high prevalence of aPL in patients with COVID-19 infection. However, the results show discrepancies in the data on the prevalence of aPL, and its role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis in these patients. This could be due to the heterogeneity of the detection procedures for aPL or to transient elevations of non-pathogenic aPL levels in the context of infection. In this review we try to clarify the role of aPL in COVID-19 infection, and attempt to answer the question of whether it is a coagulopathy of its own, or secondary to APS.},
}

@article {pmid40477482,
year = {2022},
author = {Lawrensia, S and Henrina, J and Cahyadi, A},
title = {Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the rheumatological spectrum of complications post COVID-19 infection.},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S17-S24},
pmid = {40477482},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) is a rare but severe complication in adults infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, the pathophysiology remains elusive, as the limited number of reports preclude a broader understanding of this syndrome. We conducted this systematic review to explore the clinical spectrum of MIS-A, in particular its rheumatological manifestations. Meta-analyses of case-series were also performed. We identified 28 patients from 14 case reports and two case series of MIS-A. This disease occurred equally in both genders, with a mean age of 33 + 10 years old, and predominantly in those of African descent (40%). Rheumatological manifestations consisted of Kawasaki Disease (KD)-like symptoms. Ninety percent of patients had positive COVID-19 serology tests, while 48% of patients were negative for COVID-19 RT-PCR test. Twelve patients were admitted to ICU and unfortunately two died. Although the signs and symptoms of MIS mimicked KD, the gastro-intestinal findings were more prominent in the former group. The demographic make-up was also different, with MIS-A occurring mostly in those of African descent. Importantly, unlike their paediatric counterparts, the adult group did not have coronary artery abnormalities. Long-term monitoring is needed as safety data is scarce. Of note, although the prognosis of MIS-A is excellent, the life-threatening nature of this syndrome demands intensive care unit level of care and mechanical support. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a constellation of KD symptoms in an adult patient should alert the clinician to the possibility of MIS-A.},
}

@article {pmid40477429,
year = {2022},
author = {Orozco, BJD and Imbachí, SAJ and Ospina, AI},
title = {[Pulmonary manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis, a review in SARS-CoV-2 pandemia].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S56-S65},
pmid = {40477429},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most frequent chronic autoimmune pathologies. It's prevalence varies from 0.5 to 1%, with a primary involvement at the joint, generating disability due to deformities secondary to persistent inflammation. Considering the high impact on the quality of life of those who suffer it, added to the high cost of therapeutic interventions, it becomes imperative for health personnel to join forces to promote early diagnosis and recognize potential complications, in order to impact positively on clinical outcomes. Around 50% of patients with RA may have extra-articular involvement, the lung being one of the most affected organs. In times of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it's necessary to remember the types of lung involvement in patients with RA and take into account the susceptibility of these patients to infectious conditions that can generate great morbidity and mortality.},
}

@article {pmid40477413,
year = {2022},
author = {Naranjo Arango, YA and García Henao, JP and Farfán Cortés, AYAA and Álvarez Correa, D},
title = {[Guillain-Barré syndrome as an autoimmune neurological manifestation associated with COVID-19: A review of the literature].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S48-S55},
pmid = {40477413},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been a challenge for health services around the world. The pandemic has spread widely, with more than 80 million confirmed cases and more than one million deaths globally. There have been many studies to understand all aspects of the disease. Recently, several cases have been reported of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with COVID-19 as the main manifestation. As it may be one of the first autoimmune neurological diseases triggered by SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to obtain more information to fully understand the immunopathogenic mechanisms involved in this association.},
}

@article {pmid40477374,
year = {2022},
author = {Tuta-Quintero, E and Vega-Corredor, MC and Perdomo-Rodríguez, LS and Pimentel, J},
title = {[Colchicine, an old friend's perspectives for rheumatology in COVID-19: a scoping review].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S35-S47},
pmid = {40477374},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Colchicine is widely used to treat inflammatory diseases such as gout and Mediterranean fever. Due to its immunomodulatory capacity, it could play an important role in the treatment of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the current available medical evidence, published until 28 December 2020, regarding the efficacy and safety of colchicine in the treatment of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Scoping review of the literature that included PubMed and Scopus. Records of clinical trials and publications with empirical data (observational and experimental studies) in English and Spanish were included.

RESULTS: A total of 33 clinical trials and 6 publications were found: prospective (n = 2) and retrospective (n = 2) cohort studies, randomised clinical trials (n = 1) and case-control studies (n = 1). The total number of participants in the trials is 46,324 individuals, 73% (24/33) of the studies are recruiting participants and 51% (17/33) are phase 3 studies.

CONCLUSIONS: One clinical trial reports a decrease in prognostic inflammatory markers and length of hospital stay in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The ongoing clinical trials will clarify the efficacy and safety of colchicine for the management of patients with COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid40477493,
year = {2022},
author = {Prakash, J and Cho, J and Mishra, YK},
title = {Photocatalytic TiO2 nanomaterials as potential antimicrobial and antiviral agents: Scope against blocking the SARS-COV-2 spread.},
journal = {Micro and nano engineering},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {100100},
pmid = {40477493},
issn = {2590-0072},
abstract = {The whole world is struggling with current coronavirus pandemic that shows urgent need to develop novel technologies, medical innovations or innovative materials for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mode of infection of SARS-CoV-2 is still not well known and seems to spread through surface, air, and water. Therefore, the whole surrounding environment needs to be disinfected with continuous function. For that purpose, materials with excellent antiviral properties, cost effective, environmental friendly and practically applicable should be researched. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) under ultraviolet light produces strong oxidative effect and is utilized as photocatalytic disinfectant in biomedical field. TiO2 based photocatalysts are effective antimicrobial/antiviral agents under ambient conditions with potential to be used even in indoor environment for inactivation of bacteria/viruses. Interestingly, recent studies highlight the effective disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 using TiO2 photocatalysts. Here, scope of TiO2 photocatalysts as emerging disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2 infection has been discussed in view of their excellent antibacterial and antiviral activities against various bacteria and viruses (e.g. H1N1, MNV, HSV, NDV, HCoV etc.). The current state of development of TiO2 based nano-photocatalysts as disinfectant shows their potential to combat with SARS-CoV-2 viral infection and are promising for any other such variants or viruses, bacteria in future studies.},
}

@article {pmid40477376,
year = {2021},
author = {Su, H and Xu, Y and Jiang, H},
title = {Drug discovery and development targeting the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {151-165},
pmid = {40477376},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {A newly emerged coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to the β-coronavirus family and shows high similarities with SARS-CoV. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared SARS-CoV-2 a global pandemic, and the disease was named the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused over 46 million infections and over one million deaths worldwide, and the numbers are still increasing. Efficacious antiviral agents are urgently needed to combat this virus. The life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 mainly includes the viral attachment, membrane fusion, genomic replication, assembly and budding of virions. Accordingly, drug development against SARS-CoV-2 currently focuses on blocking spike protein binding to ACE2, inhibiting viral membrane fusion with host cells, and preventing the viral replication by targeting 3C-like protease, papain-like protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as well as some host-cell proteins. In this review, the advances of drug development in these three major areas are elaborated.},
}

@article {pmid40477323,
year = {2021},
author = {Tian, X and Li, C and Wu, Y and Ying, T},
title = {Insights into biological therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {166-178},
pmid = {40477323},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {The worldwide pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in late December 2019 requires the urgent development of therapeutic options. So far, numerous studies have investigated and uncovered the underlying epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 infections in order to develop effective drugs. Compared with antiviral small-molecule inhibitors, biotherapeutics have unique advantages such as fewer side effects by virtue of their high specificity, and thus can be rapidly developed for promising treatments of COVID-19. Here, we summarize potential biotherapeutics and their mechanisms of action, including convalescent plasma, therapeutic antibodies, peptides, engineered ACE2, interferons, cytokine inhibitors, and RNAi-based therapeutics, and discuss in depth the advancements and precautions for each type of biotherapeutics in the treatment of COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid40477280,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhu, A and Chen, Z and Wang, Y and Zeng, Q and Sun, J and Zhuang, Z and Li, F and Zhao, J and Zhao, J and Zhong, N},
title = {Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in Humans and ACE2 humanized mice.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {124-130},
pmid = {40477280},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a major public health threat worldwide. Insight into protective and pathogenic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses is critical to work out effective therapeutics and develop vaccines for controlling the disease. Here, we review the present literature describing the innate and adaptive immune responses including innate immune cells, cytokine responses, antibody responses and T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 in human infection, as well as in AEC2-humanized mouse infection. We also summarize the now known and unknown about the role of the SARS-CoV-2 immune responses. By better understanding the mechanisms that drive the immune responses, we can tailor treatment strategies at specific disease stages and improve our response to this worldwide public health threat.},
}

@article {pmid40476637,
year = {2025},
author = {Rahmati, M and Udeh, R and Kang, J and Dolja-Gore, X and McEvoy, M and Kazemi, A and Soysal, P and Smith, L and Kenna, T and Fond, G and Boussat, B and Nguyen, DC and Do, H and Tran, BX and Veronese, N and Yon, DK and Boyer, L},
title = {Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Symptoms 3 Years Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection.},
journal = {Journal of medical virology},
volume = {97},
number = {6},
pages = {e70429},
doi = {10.1002/jmv.70429},
pmid = {40476637},
issn = {1096-9071},
support = {//The authors received no specific funding for this work./ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/physiopathology ; Fatigue/epidemiology ; Dyspnea/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Prevalence ; Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Survivors ; },
abstract = {The symptoms of long COVID are well-documented. However, the long-term effects beyond 2 years remain poorly understood due to a lack of data. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the prevalence of persistent symptoms in COVID-19 survivors 3 years following initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), CENTRAL, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase were searched from inception of the databases up to July 20, 2024, by two independent researchers for articles reporting on the prevalence of persistent symptoms 3 years' post-infection of people who survived COVID-19 infection. We employed a random-effect model for the pooled analysis, and the meta-analytical effect size was prevalence for the applicable end-points, I[2] statistics, and quality assessment of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Eleven articles were included after the literature search yielded 223 potentially relevant articles. We found that among patients with long COVID, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and dyspnea were the most common symptoms. Pooled analysis showed that the proportion of individuals experiencing at least one persistent symptom 3 years post-COVID-19 is 20% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8-43). The prevalence of persistent symptoms was dyspnea (12%; 95% CI: 10-15), fatigue (11%; 95% CI: 6-20), insomnia (11%; 95% CI: 2-37), loss of smell (7%; 95% CI: 5-8), loss of taste (7%; 95% CI: 3-16), and anxiety (6%; 95% CI: 1-32). Prevalence of other findings include impaired diffusion capacity (42%; 95% CI: 34-50) and impaired forced expiratory volume in 1 s (10%; 95% CI: 8-12). Our findings confirm the persistence of unresolved symptoms 3 years post-COVID-19 infection, with implications for future research, healthcare policy, and patient care.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/physiopathology
Fatigue/epidemiology
Dyspnea/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Prevalence
Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Survivors

@article {pmid40475715,
year = {2025},
author = {Caramoci, A and Smaranda, AM and Drăgoiu, TS and Bădărău, IA},
title = {ECG Screening in Athletes: A Systematic Review of Sport, Age, and Gender Variations.},
journal = {Reviews in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {26},
number = {5},
pages = {38209},
pmid = {40475715},
issn = {2153-8174},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The electrocardiogram (ECG) screening in athletes is essential due to the unique cardiac adaptations induced by intensive training. However, differentiating between physiological adaptations and pathological abnormalities remains a significant challenge, particularly when considering variations across different sports, ages, and genders.

METHODS: A systematic review of observational studies published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data were extracted from 20 studies examining ECG changes in athletes across endurance, strength, and mixed sports, encompassing both adolescent and adult populations.

RESULTS: Commonly observed ECG changes included increased QRS amplitude, T-wave inversions, and sinus bradycardia, particularly in endurance athletes, while strength-based athletes frequently exhibited left ventricular hypertrophy. Male athletes showed higher QRS voltages, longer QRS durations, and higher PR intervals, whereas female athletes demonstrated elevated resting heart rates and prolonged corrected QT interval (QTc) intervals. Adolescents who engaged in regular sports displayed fewer abnormal ECG findings than adults; however, high-intensity training in adolescent athletes was associated with right atrial enlargement and increased P-wave duration. Detraining effectively reversed certain ECG changes, including prolonged QT intervals and T-wave abnormalities, though these changes often reappeared upon resumption of intense training. Notably, de novo ECG abnormalities, such as T-wave inversions and ST-segment depression, were identified in athletes with post-COVID-19 infections. This review also highlights the financial burden of widespread ECG screening, but reinforces the importance of ECG screening in preventing sudden cardiac death (SCD) through comprehensive cardiac evaluations.

CONCLUSION: This review emphasizes the complexity of ECG interpretation in athletes, highlighting sport-specific, gender-based, and age-related variations. The persistent high false-positive rates underscore the need for refined, sport-specific ECG guidelines. Recent recognition of sports medicine as a primary specialty within the European Union (EU) reinforces the importance of comprehensive physician training. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technology into ECG screening can enhance diagnostic accuracy, reduce costs, and facilitate large-scale implementation. Meanwhile, collaborative efforts among clinicians, researchers, and policymakers are essential to developing cost-effective and standardized ECG screening protocols, ensuring improved athlete care, and advancing the field of sports cardiology.},
}

@article {pmid40475275,
year = {2025},
author = {Udoh, EE and Udoh, UA and Egwuenu, A and Esu, EB and Eteng, A and Ovat, FE and Okomo, U and Oduwole, O and Okebe, J and Meremikwu, M},
title = {Soap and water cleaning versus bleach-based cleaners for eliminating SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Journal of public health in Africa},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {612},
pmid = {40475275},
issn = {2038-9922},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Households and community settings are important hubs for the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As understanding of viral transmission improves, infection prevention and control (IPC) policies need to be updated.

AIM: To compare the effectiveness of soap and water alone to bleach-based cleaners in eliminating SARS-CoV-2 infection in households and community settings.

SETTING: We conducted a virtual search through the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cochrane database of systematic reviews, PubMed, EMBASE, and Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC).

METHODS: We assessed studies which compared the effect of soap and water cleaning on SARS-CoV-2 among humans to that of bleach-based cleaning, both in households and communities. We prioritised systematic reviews and randomised studies and only included other study designs, such as laboratory studies, which had interventions of relevant interest.

RESULTS: We retrieved 1192 articles from the search. We summarised evidence from three laboratory studies as there were no randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or comparative effectiveness studies that met our inclusion criteria. Indirect evidence suggests that soap and bleach-based cleaners were effective at different concentrations. Substantial heterogeneity between the cited studies precludes any inference on effectiveness in reducing risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Both interventions remain important components of IPC measures.

CONCLUSION: There was no evidence for comparison of soap and water versus bleach-based cleaners against SARS-CoV-2 in humans in household and community settings. Indirect evidence shows both interventions to be effective against the virus.

CONTRIBUTIONS: Primary studies addressing this critical question are required to guide public health recommendations and policies.},
}

@article {pmid40474772,
year = {2025},
author = {Gupta, G and Buonsenso, D and Wood, J and Mohandas, S and Warburton, D},
title = {Mechanistic Insights Into Long Covid: Viral Persistence, Immune Dysregulation, and Multi-Organ Dysfunction.},
journal = {Comprehensive Physiology},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {e70019},
doi = {10.1002/cph4.70019},
pmid = {40474772},
issn = {2040-4603},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications/virology/physiopathology ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; *Multiple Organ Failure/immunology/virology/etiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Long Covid is a post-viral syndrome characterized by persistent symptoms targeting multiple organ systems after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. Current literature suggests that the mechanisms causing Long Covid involve viral persistence, immune dysregulation, systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. By forming reservoirs in the tissues of various organs, SARS-CoV-2 may evade immunological clearances while triggering immune responses and contributing to chronic symptoms through cytokine imbalances, T-cell exhaustion, and systemic inflammation. These symptoms parallel other post-viral syndromes such as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), suggesting similar mechanisms of pathology. The coronavirus has also been linked to neuroinflammation and endothelial dysfunction causing cognitive symptoms and cardiovascular complications. Furthermore, its ability to lower energy production links it to post-exertion malaise (PEM) and muscle pain. These symptoms may result from iron dysregulation and persistent oxidative stress due to Covid-impaired mitochondrial function. This review synthesizes current data on the mechanisms that drive Long Covid pathogenesis and explores potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate viral persistence, immune dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. It is critical to understand these interactions to develop targeted interventions that address the long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection and improve patient outcomes.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/complications/virology/physiopathology
*SARS-CoV-2/physiology
*Multiple Organ Failure/immunology/virology/etiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Animals

@article {pmid40473269,
year = {2025},
author = {Andresen, K and Carreira, H and Jain, R and Forbes, H and Williamson, E and Quint, JK and Bhaskaran, K},
title = {Associations between cancer survivorship and subsequent respiratory disease: a systematic literature review.},
journal = {BMJ open respiratory research},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/bmjresp-2024-002681},
pmid = {40473269},
issn = {2052-4439},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cancer Survivors/statistics & numerical data ; *Survivorship ; *Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; *Neoplasms/complications ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The population of cancer survivors is growing. Some cancers and their treatments may lead to long-term adverse respiratory issues. This systematic review aims to summarise the evidence on the association between cancer survivorship and long-term respiratory health, across a range of cancer types.

METHODS: We searched Cochrane, Embase and MEDLINE up until 23 February 2025 for cohort or nested case-control studies comparing incident respiratory outcomes in people with a history of cancer versus population-based cancer-free controls. We required studies to include follow-up time beyond the period of active cancer treatment. Outcomes included acute respiratory infections and chronic respiratory conditions. Study quality was assessed using The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodology checklists.

RESULTS: We identified 34 eligible cohort studies. Cancer survivors' cohort sizes ranged from 1325 to >8 million. Only 4 out of 34 studies adjusted for smoking, leading to most studies being rated as low quality. Four of the 21 studies of acute respiratory infections were rated as acceptable/high quality, and of these, all observed raised risks, notably among survivors of haematological, head and neck, lung and oesophageal cancers. Of 19 studies of chronic respiratory conditions, 1 was rated as high quality, finding increased risks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonitis in survivors of head and neck cancer. The remaining studies found increased risks of adverse outcomes from acute respiratory infections in 17 of 21 cancer types for which data were available, and of COPD in cervical, head and neck, lung, oesophageal, oral, stomach, thyroid and vulva cancers.

DISCUSSION: These findings suggest increased risks of a range of respiratory conditions in survivors of some cancers. Much of the evidence is compromised by a lack of control for key potential confounders, like smoking. Future studies should address this limitation and investigate the drivers of respiratory risks in cancer survivors. Improved evidence could inform mitigation strategies and lead to better survivorship care plans.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022311557.},
}

Humans
*Cancer Survivors/statistics & numerical data
*Survivorship
*Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/etiology
*Neoplasms/complications
Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
Risk Factors

@article {pmid40473220,
year = {2025},
author = {Malune, P and Esposito, F and Tramontano, E},
title = {Unveiling SARS-CoV-2's heart: role, structure and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.},
journal = {Antiviral research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106208},
doi = {10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106208},
pmid = {40473220},
issn = {1872-9096},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 emergence in late 2019 represented an incredible challenge for virological research and the development of novel as well as repurposed antiviral agents. Among the targeted viral proteins, one is nsp12 that carries the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity, essential for the viral replication. Together with nsp7 and nsp8 cofactors, having an essential role in aiding processivity and associated with several other nonstructural proteins such as helicase, methyltransferase, endo- and exonuclease, nsp12 forms the large viral replication and transcription complex (RTC). Within such RTC, nsp12 catalyzes the synthesis of one of the longest RNA genomes in the viral world, requiring exceptional speed, processivity and fidelity compared to other viral RdRps. Moreover, the peculiar replication cycle of coronaviruses requires nsp12 to perform less conventional functions in backtracking on the viral genome for proof-reading activity and "jumping" during discontinuous synthesis of subgenomic mRNAs. The structure of the minimal RTC was resolved with a resolution < 3 Å by cryo-electron microscopy in complex with RNA and with inhibitors, opening the doors to structural studies on its functions and drug development. Given its essential role in viral replication, extensive research was carried out over the last years to identify both nucleoside (NI) and non-nucleoside (NNI) inhibitors, resulting in two NIs reaching clinical use, although their efficacy in vivo is still under evaluation. This review aims at summarizing the currently known structural and functional aspects and the state-of-the art in drug discovery for SARS-CoV-2 RdRp.},
}

@article {pmid40472669,
year = {2025},
author = {Mohammadi, S and Sisay, MM and Saraswati, PW and Osman, AK and Zuithoff, NPA and Weibel, D and Sturkenboom, M and Ahmadizar, F},
title = {COVID-19 vaccine safety studies among special populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 120 observational studies and randomized clinical trials.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {61},
number = {},
pages = {127342},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127342},
pmid = {40472669},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 vaccines were rapidly developed and tested, but concerns about vaccine-related adverse events remain, especially in special groups like pregnant women, children, and those with certain health conditions. This review aims to summarize rates of such adverse events in individuals often not included in randomized clinical trials (RCT).

METHOD: From December 2019 to February 2022, we searched Embase and Medline for observational studies and RCTs on adverse events post-COVID-19 vaccination in special populations. We examined severe and non-severe events in individuals with specific medical conditions, infants, children, pregnant individuals, and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals. Cumulative risks for all events were calculated. The Incidence rate (IR) and 95% confidence intervals were reported for those studies that met the follow-up period criteria based on the referenced literature. For events with data on exposed and unexposed groups, we calculated the odds ratio (OR). Pooled incidence rates were calculated per 1000,000 person-days using a random-effects model. Sub-group analyses were conducted based on vaccine types and doses, with heterogeneity assessed using I[2].

RESULTS: Of the 4,254 papers, 235 met eligibility criteria, including 120 studies with 171,073 participants (113 observational, eight RCTs). We examined 17 severe and seven non-severe adverse event categories. Lymphadenopathy (IR: 1950[1200,3190]), autoimmune disease and multiple sclerosis flare-up (1130 [470,2680]), and cardiac symptoms (0.26[0.00,10.58]) were the most prevalent severe adverse events. Autoimmune disease flare-ups and cardiac symptoms were more common following the second dose compared to the first dose. The overall incidence of serious adverse events was low in children and adolescents, pregnant, autoimmune, and cancer patients.

DISCUSSION: This review highlights COVID-19 vaccine safety in special populations, enhancing vaccination strategies. Further real-world research is needed to validate and extend our findings, especially in addressing safety gaps among special groups.},
}

@article {pmid40471123,
year = {2025},
author = {Alves, MCS and Rego, MS and Silva, RCCD and Silva, RA and Arruda, IES and Paiva-Júnior, SSL and Balbino, VQ},
title = {Gut Microbiota and COVID-19: Unraveling the Gut-Lung Axis and Immunomodulatory Therapies.},
journal = {ACS infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsinfecdis.5c00250},
pmid = {40471123},
issn = {2373-8227},
abstract = {The gut flora modulates immune responses and influences COVID-19 severity. SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the gut microbiota, causing dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation and worsening clinical outcomes. Dysbiosis correlates with elevated inflammatory markers, such as CRP and PCT, contributing to severe complications. Studies show that COVID-19 patients have reduced beneficial bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium spp., alongside increased opportunistic pathogens. This review explores how gut microbiota impacts COVID-19 through predictive microbial signatures and immunomodulatory mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies, including probiotics, prebiotics, and fiber-rich diets, may restore microbial balance, reduce inflammation, and support recovery. Additionally, we examine the effects of antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies on the gut microbiota and their role in post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Understanding the gut-lung axis in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis may reveal microbiota-targeted treatments to improve outcomes and prevent complications. As the host organ with the highest microbial diversity, the gut plays a crucial role in viral infections and warrants further research.},
}

@article {pmid40470521,
year = {2025},
author = {Tan, JXR and Oshitani, H and Khanh, LP and Jitpeera, C and Ferretti, L and Cook, AR},
title = {Lessons for future outbreaks from successful contact tracing systems in Asia.},
journal = {The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific},
volume = {58},
number = {},
pages = {101563},
pmid = {40470521},
issn = {2666-6065},
abstract = {Countries around the world had utilized contact tracing to support public health responses to curb transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, countries in East and Southeast Asia had been effective in their contact tracing responses. To understand their successes, the contact tracing systems of Japan, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam were comparatively analyzed, including the technical aspects of contact tracing approaches, detection and response structures. Through the comparative analysis, we uncovered the key elements within these successful systems, namely speed, capture and accuracy, designed specific for the countries' settings. For the system to work efficiently, we found that maintaining the balance across speed, capture and accuracy while adapting to the disease epidemiology and environment was essential. Contact tracing will remain a vital strategy to control the next epidemic with a pandemic potential. The lessons learnt could provide guiding principles to help enhance contact tracing systems and prepare for future outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid40469441,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhao, X and Jiang, L and Sun, W and Tang, S and Kang, X and Gao, Q and Li, Z and An, X and Lian, F},
title = {Understanding the interplay between COVID-19 and diabetes: insights for the post-pandemic era.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1599969},
pmid = {40469441},
issn = {1664-2392},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology/virology ; Pandemics ; Diabetes Complications/epidemiology ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; },
abstract = {The global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has had a profound impact on the onset, progression, and management of diabetes, posing significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. This review elucidates the multifaceted impact of SARS-CoV-2 on diabetes mellitus, emphasizing the increased complexity of glycemic management in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection following viral infection in the postpandemic era. In this study, we examined the diverse effects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on individuals with diabetes. These effects included an elevated risk of morbidity, erratic fluctuations in blood glucose levels, the emergence of complications associated with diabetes, and the emergence of challenges related to self-management of the disease. From a mechanistic perspective, we investigated the following factors: SARS-CoV-2-mediated direct damage to islet beta cells, dysregulation of the RAAS system, impairment of islet function by oxidative stress, and the effects of the integrated stress response, stress response, and reduced adiponectin levels on insulin utilization efficiency and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, viral effects extend to diabetic complications and cardiovascular risk factors, such as coagulation abnormalities, hypertension, and lipid metabolism. This results in an exacerbation of the development of diabetic complications. This review highlights the urgent need for refined management strategies for patients with diabetes during the pandemic and in the later stages of COVID-19. Additionally, there is a need for integrated management strategies to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the long-term outcomes of patients with diabetes.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2
*Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology/virology
Pandemics
Diabetes Complications/epidemiology
Blood Glucose/metabolism
Renin-Angiotensin System

@article {pmid40469238,
year = {2025},
author = {Harb, A and Souza-Talarico, JN and Willey, G and da Silva, FC and de Jesus, MCF and Deberg, J},
title = {Loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: A potential risk factor for post-pandemic cognitive decline in older adults without dementia.},
journal = {Dementia & neuropsychologia},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {e20240256},
pmid = {40469238},
issn = {1980-5764},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated loneliness and social isolation among older adults, raising concerns about their mental and physical well-being. While loneliness's adverse effects on health are well-documented, its specific impact on cognitive health during the pandemic remains under investigation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the association between loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic and cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired older adults by synthesizing evidence from primary studies.

METHODS: A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple databases, including MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO (EBSCO), EMBASE, Scopus, AgeLine, and ProQuest, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies were selected to examine the association between loneliness and cognitive function in cognitively unimpaired older adults (aged ≥50 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESULTS: A total of eight studies were included from 1,384 search results, reviewing data from 10,449 cognitively unimpaired older adults. A total of six studies found significant associations between loneliness or social isolation and subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Only one study linked loneliness to lower objective cognitive performance. Notably, half of the studies considered key covariates, such as depression, which could mediate the relationship between loneliness and cognitive decline.

CONCLUSION: Loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic is linked to SCD in older adults, though objective evidence is limited. The pandemic underscored the long-term impact of social isolation on cognition and mental health, highlighting the need for standardized neuropsychological tools and key covariates in studies to identify those at risk.},
}

@article {pmid40469133,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, Y and Hu, J and Xu, Q and Zhang, F and Sun, C and Liu, K},
title = {The efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in treating severe COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.},
journal = {Pakistan journal of medical sciences},
volume = {41},
number = {5},
pages = {1517-1525},
pmid = {40469133},
issn = {1682-024X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Corticosteroids (CSs) are often administered for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, the advantages and disadvantages of CSs remain controversial. Accordingly, we performed a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis (TSA) to ascertain the efficacy and safety of CSs in treating COVID-19.

METHODS: From their inception until April 2023, PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and China Biology Medicine(CBM) were searched to gather randomized controlled trials on the administration of CSs for COVID-19 treatment. Following the literature screening according to the inclusion criteria, data extraction and quality assessment were conducted by two reviewers, and then we conducted a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis using RevMan 5.4 and TSA v0.9, respectively. This meta-analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023458633).

RESULTS: A total of 6,077 literatures were obtained through the search, and 14 studies were finally included for quantitative meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the all-cause mortality in the group treated with CSs and standard treatment was significantly lower than that in the control group that received only standard treatment (RR 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82-0.96, P=0.002), with a statistically significant difference. However, the TSA analysis revealed that the cumulative Z value exceeded the traditional boundary value yet did not surpass the TSA boundary value, indicating a possibility of false positive outcomes in the meta-analysis. The incidence of adverse reactions in the group receiving CSs treatment was higher than that in the control group, but the distinction was not statistically significant (RR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.64-1.63, P=0.93).

CONCLUSION: CSs appear to be effective and safe in decreasing the overall mortality of patients who suffer from severe COVID-19; however, further assessment is required to determine adverse reactions and improvements in clinical symptoms associated with CS administration.},
}

@article {pmid40469015,
year = {2025},
author = {Zheng, L and Feng, H},
title = {Respiratory virus mRNA vaccines: mRNA Design, clinical studies, and future challenges.},
journal = {Animal models and experimental medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ame2.70018},
pmid = {40469015},
issn = {2576-2095},
support = {2021YFA1300301//Grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; 2018YFA0507101//Grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; 31730054//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31770900//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 5212016//Beijing Natural Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Respiratory infectious diseases frequently erupt on a global scale, with RNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, RSV, and influenza viruses, posing challenges to vaccine development due to their high mutation rates. Traditional vaccine development cycles are lengthy and struggle to keep pace with rapidly evolving viruses, whereas messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have demonstrated significant advantages due to their short development periods, straightforward production, and low costs. After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple mRNA vaccines, including Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, rapidly received emergency use authorization, validating their feasibility. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023 was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, underscoring the efficacy of mRNA vaccine technology. In 2024, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of Moderna's respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) mRNA vaccine marked the immense potential of mRNA technology in vaccine innovation. This review article summarizes the design, clinical research, and future challenges of mRNA vaccines for respiratory viruses, delving into antigen design, mRNA delivery systems, and advancements in vaccines for multiple respiratory viruses, including innovations in self-amplifying mRNA and circular mRNA vaccines. Additionally, the development of combination vaccines is underway, aiming to provide protection against multiple viruses through a single administration. Despite the significant progress in mRNA vaccine development, challenges remain regarding raw material costs, stability, and delivery efficiency. In the future, with technological advancements and the accumulation of clinical experience, the design strategies and delivery systems of mRNA vaccines are expected to be continuously optimized, thereby enhancing their safety and efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid40468266,
year = {2025},
author = {Conway-Moore, K and Birch, JM and McKinlay, AR and Graham, F and Oliver, E and Bambra, C and Kelly, MP and Bonell, C},
title = {How populist-aligned views affect receipt of non-COVID-19-related public health interventions: a systematic review of quantitative studies.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {2075},
pmid = {40468266},
issn = {1471-2458},
support = {PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; PR-PRU-1217-20501//National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Unit Behavioural and Social Sciences/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Globally, there is increasing evidence of resistance to government-led public health interventions in areas such as vaccination, climate change mitigation, sexual and reproductive healthcare, and the implementation of non-pharmaceutical infection control measures. One potential explanation for this could be the documented global rise in populist attitudes, characterised by distrust of scientific, government and other perceived 'elites.' While the effect of such attitudes on engagement with COVID-19-related interventions has been extensively considered and researched, their association with the receipt of other public health interventions is currently underexplored.

METHODS: To understand how populist-aligned views might influence the receipt of public health interventions addressing areas other than COVID-19, we systematically reviewed quantitative research published across thirteen bibliographic databases and relevant websites between 2008 and 2024. All studies were set in member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

RESULTS: Across 30 included studies, the vast majority of which were cross-sectional, we found evidence that populist-aligned attitudes have a negative impact on the receipt of public health interventions including vaccinations, sexual and reproductive health care and preventive health care. We also found preliminary evidence of the negative role of populist-aligned attitudes on the receipt of disease screening related to HIV/AIDS and adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions during times of public health emergency, such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS: Although providing limited evidence of causality, the findings from this review suggest the need for future policy in many OECD countries to focus on trust-building between the public and political, scientific, and medical establishments. They also indicate the need for mitigation strategies to overcome the potentially negative impact of populist-style hostility towards out-groups on attitudes related to pressing public health issues such as abortion and family planning, for example by drawing on empathy-centred approaches.

PROSPERO registration number CRD42024513124.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Public Health
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40466390,
year = {2025},
author = {Movahed, F and Haji Hosseini, F and Heidari, A and Dehbozorgi, M and Ataei, M and Vahidi, F and Abyaneh, R and Bajelan, B and Bakhtiyari, M and Shafiee, A},
title = {COVID-19 vertical transmission from mothers to neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 204 studies.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {9},
pages = {102825},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102825},
pmid = {40466390},
issn = {1876-035X},
abstract = {This study estimates the prevalence of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and identifies risk factors for mother-to-neonate transmission. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to May 2024 identified 204 observational studies, out of 28,543 records, that included neonates with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 detection via RT-PCR. The overall vertical transmission rate was 4 % (95 % CI: 4 %-5 %), with notable heterogeneity (I[2] = 75 %). Transmission varied based on delivery method, income classification, and region, being higher in lower-income areas and cesarean deliveries. Maternal SARS-CoV-2 detection in breast milk was rare. Neonatal SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies were frequently detected, while IgM antibodies were less common. The findings highlight the infrequency of vertical transmission but underline disparities in healthcare practices. Further high-quality studies, especially in low-income regions, are essential for a deeper understanding of vertical transmission dynamics in diverse clinical settings.},
}

@article {pmid40465915,
year = {2025},
author = {Borges, LA and Silva, PHBD and Zara, ALSA and Oliveira, ESF},
title = {Health surveillance in tackling COVID-19 in Brazil: a scope review.},
journal = {Ciencia & saude coletiva},
volume = {30},
number = {5},
pages = {e02202025},
doi = {10.1590/1413-81232025305.02202025},
pmid = {40465915},
issn = {1678-4561},
mesh = {Brazil/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; Federal Government ; *Public Health Surveillance ; },
abstract = {The management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil was marked by contradictory statements and controversial decisions by the head of the executive branch and the Ministry of Health, creating uncertainty about the effective implementation of federal actions to control the disease. This study aims to describe the main health surveillance strategies adopted by the federal government to combat COVID-19, with a focus on actions aimed at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is a scoping review conducted between November 2019 and January 2021, using DECS and MeSH descriptors in four databases, in addition to consulting 85 legislative documents available on the Brazilian government's legislation portal. The analysis included ten scientific articles and identified federal actions related to non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures, decisions on international borders, procurement of supplies, and essential services. The results point to the presence of sporadic strategies for pandemic containment but reveal insufficient surveillance in the face of the number of cases and deaths recorded. The study highlights the lack of robust federal support, which hindered the coordination and planning.},
}

Brazil/epidemiology
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
Humans
*Pandemics/prevention & control
Federal Government
*Public Health Surveillance

@article {pmid40465890,
year = {2025},
author = {Santana, LADM and Oliveira, MKC and Carvalho, MVC and Moura, PHM and Barreto, MDS and Santos, MALD and Santos, PLD and Correia, D and Silva, VKDS and Gopalsamy, RG and Trento, CL and Borges, LP and Takeshita, WM},
title = {Cytogenetic Alterations Observed in Exfoliative Cells of the Tongue and Oral Mucosa of SARS-CoV-2-Vaccinated Patients: Report of Two Cases and a Brief Literature Review.},
journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical},
volume = {58},
number = {},
pages = {e008042025},
doi = {10.1590/0037-8682-0008-2025},
pmid = {40465890},
issn = {1678-9849},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mouth Mucosa/pathology/cytology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; *Tongue/pathology/cytology ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; *Chromosome Aberrations ; },
abstract = {The wide distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) in oral tissues, especially in the salivary glands, which are natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), contributes to the classification of the oral cavity as a potential target for the development of lesions. Despite the effective response produced by next-generation immunizers, the possibility of immune escape by new lineages of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be refuted. Therefore, we describe here the occurrence of cytogenetic alterations in orally exfoliated cells of immunized individuals and, based on the literature review, call attention to the need to monitor these cases in the post-pandemic period.},
}

Humans
*Mouth Mucosa/pathology/cytology
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
*Tongue/pathology/cytology
Male
SARS-CoV-2
Female
Adult
Middle Aged
*Chromosome Aberrations

@article {pmid40465774,
year = {2025},
author = {Salmam, I and Dubé, MO and Zahouani, I and Ramos, A and Desmeules, F and Best, KL and Roy, JS},
title = {The impact of long COVID on physical and cardiorespiratory parameters: A systematic review.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
pages = {e0318707},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0318707},
pmid = {40465774},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/physiopathology/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Adult ; Exercise Tolerance ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Since the emergence of COVID-19, millions worldwide have continued to experience persistent symptoms months after infection. Among these, physical and cardiorespiratory impairments are frequently reported, but remain poorly understood. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize evidence regarding physical and cardiorespiratory impairments in individuals with long COVID, defined as symptoms persisting for at least three months post-infection.

METHODS AND FINDINGS: A structured search was conducted across the MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases to identify cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort studies on physical and cardiorespiratory deficits in adults with long COVID. Twenty-two studies involving 3,041 adults with long COVID were included. Critical appraisal using the JBI-APT indicated that most studies had clear inclusion criteria (17/22), well-defined study populations (17/22), and valid exposure measurements (16/22), though confounding factors were often unaddressed (9/22 unclear or not reported). Findings indicate that while adults with long COVID displayed normal pulmonary function at rest, including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1), Total Lung Capacity (TLC), and resting Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), significant impairments in exercise capacity were identified. Notably, all studies assessing the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) reported reduced distances, consistently falling below the 50th percentile of normative values. Additionally, VO₂peak was decreased in most studies (7/10), falling below 80% of the predicted value, indicating impaired aerobic capacity. Lower Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) values were observed in three out of six studies, with values below 75% of predicted, suggesting impaired gas exchange efficiency during exertion.

CONCLUSION: Despite preserved resting lung function, these findings highlight significant physical deconditioning in Long COVID adults, with substantial reduction in exercise capacity. Routine assessments should include more sensitive measures, such as the 6MWT and VO₂peak, to detect subtle exercise limitations, even in patients with normal resting SpO₂, to better inform rehabilitation interventions.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/physiopathology/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Respiratory Function Tests
Adult
Exercise Tolerance

@article {pmid40465080,
year = {2025},
author = {Wichmann, D and Hoenigl, M and Koehler, P and Koenig, C and Lund, F and Mang, S and Strauß, R and Weigand, MA and Hohmann, C and Kurzai, O and Heußel, C and Kochanek, M},
title = {Diagnosis and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill intensive care patients: executive summary of the German national guideline (AWMF 113-005).},
journal = {Infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40465080},
issn = {1439-0973},
abstract = {PURPOSE: The executive summary of the guideline aims to provide the most relevant recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit.

METHODS: The guideline's work included a systematic literature search, selection and assessment of the data relevant to the issues identified. Key questions included the areas of epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostics, and therapy. They were discussed analogous to a PICO scheme within the guideline committee, with subsequent working groups proposing recommendations for specific key questions, which were then again discussed and finalized by the entire guideline committee.

RESULTS: In addition to the classic risk factors (persistent neutropenia, allogeneic stem cell transplantation, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, etc.), decompensated liver cirrhosis, COPD, solid tumours and viral pneumonia (influenza, COVID-19) have been established as risk factors for critically ill patients in need of intensive care. If there is no adequate improvement or even further clinical deterioration of the respiratory status in critically ill patients, the presence of IPA should be considered and appropriate diagnostic tests should be initiated. Diagnostics should include a CT scan of the chest and a broncho-alveolar lavage with culture for moulds, testing for galactomannan and PCR. Isavuconazole and voriconazole are recommended as first-line treatment, liposomal amphotericin B as an alternative, with posaconazole (PCZ) or the echinocandins (as an add-on to azole or polyene treatment) being additional options for salvage treatment.

CONCLUSION: Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. If indicated, invasive aspergillosis should be considered and appropriate diagnostic tests initiated. Isavuconazole and voriconazole are recommended as first-line treatment, liposomal amphotericin B as an alternative.},
}

@article {pmid40465040,
year = {2025},
author = {Ma, J and Paltin, D and Buch, KD and Miller-Perusse, M and Jaramillo, J and Horvath, KJ},
title = {Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Care Engagement Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {AIDS and behavior},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40465040},
issn = {1573-3254},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic substantially impacted the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care continuum among men who have sex with men (MSM). While PrEP use during the pandemic has been studied, regional differences in PrEP regulations highlight the need for U.S.-specific reviews. This scoping review evaluates empirical literature on COVID-19's impact on PrEP engagement among U.S. MSM. A systematic search on August 29, 2024, identified articles from PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase. Eligible studies (a) collected empirical data from U.S. MSM, (b) assessed COVID-19's impact on PrEP engagement, and (c) were peer-reviewed, English-language, full-text articles. Standardized forms were used to extract study information. Study quality was appraised using validated tools for qualitative and quantitative research. Findings were synthesized using descriptive statistics and narrative summaries, categorized by distinct pandemic phases. Of 438 records, 21 studies were included (15 quantitative, five qualitative, one mixed-method), mostly conducted during the lockdown phase. Results showed reduced PrEP use (5.9-35.6%), increased missed doses (8.3-14.2%), and higher discontinuation rates (9.0-33.3%) during COVID-19. Barriers included refill issues (9.0-20.0%), limited access to care (2.5-17.0%), disrupted lab testing (~ 25.5%), and changes in clinic procedures. College-aged youth reported confidentiality concerns after returning home. Qualitative evidence highlighted telehealth and injectable PrEP as promising alternatives. This review reveals significant disruptions to PrEP care for U.S. MSM during COVID-19, a lack of post-lockdown research, underrepresentation of MSM from Northeastern and Pacific regions, and limited use of objective PrEP adherence measures. These findings underscore the need for emergency-prepared PrEP services and expanded telehealth and home-delivery options for future crises.},
}

@article {pmid40464778,
year = {2025},
author = {Barbosa, NL and Rangel Agra Oliveira, T and Nóbrega, LD and Araújo, TTF and Bezerra, SRS and Oliveira, GM and Do Nascimento, RM and Nogueira, PAMS and Tomaz, AF and Fernandes, ATDNSF},
title = {Prevalence and characteristics of respiratory and cardiovascular sequelae in post-COVID-19 syndromes: a scoping review.},
journal = {Expert review of respiratory medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1080/17476348.2025.2515992},
pmid = {40464778},
issn = {1747-6356},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Post acute and Long COVID-19 are a public health issue, marked by persistent respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms such as dyspnea and palpitations. These complications often extend beyond the acute phase, affecting even individuals with mild or moderate COVID-19. This article reviews the clinical impact of long COVID-19 and emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to management.

AREAS COVERED: A comprehensive literature search was conducted through PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, SciELO, and LILACS to identify studies published up to 28 October 2024, reporting on respiratory and cardiovascular sequelae in long COVID-19. This review examines the prevalence and characteristics of persistent symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and palpitations, as well as the associated risk factors and assessment methods.

EXPERT OPINION: Long COVID-19 represents a significant healthcare challenge, underscoring the need for standardized protocols for diagnosis and treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial to address the diverse symptoms of affected patients. Future research should focus on understanding the underlying pathophysiology, and developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid40464669,
year = {2025},
author = {Polishchuk, H and Synowiec, A and Zubrzycka, N and Kantyka, T},
title = {Porphyromonas gingivalis: Multiple Tools of an Inflammatory Damage.},
journal = {Molecular oral microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/omi.12496},
pmid = {40464669},
issn = {2041-1014},
support = {2016/22/E/NZ5/00332//National Centre of Science SONATA Bis/ ; 2021/41/N/NZ6/03762//National Centre of Science Preludium/ ; },
abstract = {Periodontitis (periodontal disease [PD]) is a complex inflammatory disease caused by a polymicrobial infection that facilitates the destruction of the connective tissue and bone that support the teeth. PD is highly correlated with cardiovascular disease, low birth weight, preterm osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a main causative agent of PD, is a non-motile, asaccharolytic, Gram-negative bacterium identified in subgingival, supragingival, and tongue sites in patients. P. gingivalis produces an arsenal of virulence factors, which include fimbriae, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), gingipains and other proteases, P. gingivalis peptidyl arginine deiminase (PPAD), and others. Recently, a number of reports highlighted novel aspects of P. gingivalis virulence. LPS signaling via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was elucidated; outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were implicated as the shuttle for inflammatory induction and neurotoxicity, and gingipains were found to disrupt the integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB). Further, Tpr protease substrate specificity was described in detail, a novel variant of PPAD was identified and correlated with the aggressive disease, and the role of C-terminal domain as the substrate for the Type IX secretion system (T9SS) transport has been unveiled, together with the identification of the first T9SS inhibitors. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted the novel research, expanding our understanding of the P. gingivalis correlation with viral infections. These recent findings implicate the need to update the current knowledge of the P. gingivalis virulence factors and provide a comprehensive review of the current trends in P. gingivalis research.},
}

@article {pmid40464430,
year = {2025},
author = {Alalawi, RA and Khriji, SA and Ambusaidi, MA and Al-Saadi, T},
title = {Reviewed Article: Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis.},
journal = {The Gulf journal of oncology},
volume = {1},
number = {47},
pages = {14-23},
pmid = {40464430},
issn = {2078-2101},
mesh = {Humans ; *Radiosurgery/methods ; *Brain Neoplasms/secondary/radiotherapy/surgery ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Brain metastases pose a significant challenge in oncology, contributing to morbidity and mortality rates. These metastases originates from primary tumors in the breast, lung, and melanoma tumors and has promoted the exploration of several treatment modalities, including stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). SRS is considered to be one of the most effective treatments for brain metastases due to its precision in delivering high doses of radiation with low damage to the surrounding tissues.

METHOD: A search of Scopus database was conducted using key terms like "stereotactic," "radiosurgery," "brain metastasis," and "SRS". Relevant articles were screened based on title, abstract, and full text. The top 100 articles, ranked by citation frequency, were included, and analysed for various details including title, first author, publication year, journal name, journal impact factor, country of first author, country of study, first author institution, corresponding author institution, study design, patient involvement, number of patients studied, primary aim, source of metastasis, and study conclusion.

RESULTS: The top 100 cited articles on SRS for brain metastases were identified, with an average citation of 149 citations per article. The study found that the USA, followed by Japan and Switzerland, produced the highest number of publications on stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastasis. The University of Pittsburgh was the leading institution in the USA. The analysis showed an increasing trend in publications from 2007 to 2017, with a peak in 2010, followed by a decline, potentially influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic.

CONCLUSION: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an effective treatment for brain metastases, delivering precise high-dose radiation with rapid dose fall-off. This study revealed that the USA, particularly the University of Pittsburgh, has produced the most publications on this topic. This information can help clinicians and researchers identify valuable articles and journals related to SRS.},
}

Humans
*Radiosurgery/methods
*Brain Neoplasms/secondary/radiotherapy/surgery

@article {pmid40462760,
year = {2025},
author = {Fisman, D and Pérez-Rubio, A and Postma, M and Smith, DS and Mould-Quevedo, J},
title = {Maintaining the value of influenza vaccination - the shift from quadrivalent to trivalent vaccines: an expert review.},
journal = {Expert review of vaccines},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1080/14760584.2025.2515597},
pmid = {40462760},
issn = {1744-8395},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: This review provides an expert perspective on the sustained value of seasonal influenza vaccines as they transition from quadrivalent to trivalent formulations, based on apparent elimination of the B/Yamagata strain from circulation and subsequent advice from the World Health Organization (WHO) to remove the B/Yamagata antigen from influenza vaccines. Influenza has a high clinical and economic burden globally. However, coronavirus disease 2019 has created new challenges for managing seasonal influenza by amplifying vaccine hesitancy. Understanding why influenza virus circulation is monitored and vaccines subsequently updated is important for all relevant stakeholders to maintain confidence in the value of seasonal influenza vaccination.

AREAS COVERED: Discussion is provided on the dynamic nature of communicable diseases, influenza virus monitoring and WHO vaccine composition guidance, and maintaining the value of influenza vaccination to individuals, society, and healthcare systems.

EXPERT OPINION: The move from quadrivalent to trivalent influenza vaccines is a result of findings from strain surveillance. Continued surveillance and targeting of vaccines against strains most commonly in circulation to keep effectiveness high, and ensure the highest value of vaccination is vital to prevent influenza infection and severe illness, thus reducing pressure on healthcare systems and reducing the economic impact of influenza outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid40462133,
year = {2025},
author = {Bertoni Maluf, VA and Herrmann, FR and Platon, A and Mendes, A and Dupertuis, YM and De Watteville, A and Heidegger, CP and Genton, L},
title = {Exploring the association between computed tomography (CT)-derived skeletal muscle mass and short- and long-term mortality in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Critical care (London, England)},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
pages = {223},
pmid = {40462133},
issn = {1466-609X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Critical Illness/mortality ; *Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods ; *Muscle, Skeletal/diagnostic imaging ; *Mortality/trends ; Intensive Care Units/organization & administration/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Low skeletal mass, often present at hospital admission, has been associated with poor prognoses.

AIM: To explore the association between computed tomography (CT)-derived skeletal muscle mass at the lumbar level and short- and long-term mortality in critically ill patients.

METHODS: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we included studies on critically ill adults (≥ 18 years) hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU) that measured CT-derived skeletal muscle mass at the lumbar vertebral level within ± 7 days of ICU admission. The primary outcome was mortality, categorized as short-term (including ICU, hospital, 28- and 30-day mortality) and long-term (> 30 days) mortality. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched without date restrictions. Study screening was performed using Rayyan, data extraction was guided by a custom-designed tool, and quality assessment was performed using the JBI Cohort Study Checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted, focusing on studies that reported short- and long-term mortality among patients with preserved and reduced skeletal muscle. A prevalence meta-analysis was also performed for studies that reported the size of subgroups with low muscle mass.

RESULTS: Out of 1248 unique records, 35 studies met the inclusion criteria, involving 9366 participants. The majority were retrospective, single-centre studies conducted on four continents and included heterogeneous populations such as patients with sepsis, COVID-19 and trauma. Sample sizes ranged from 36 to 939, with a wide age range, from 40 to 70 s, and a predominance of male patients (62%). Skeletal mass was most commonly reported as skeletal muscle index at the third lumbar vertebra. Studies reported mainly short-term mortality on day 28 or 30. Long-term mortality, measured at 90 days, 6 months, and 1 year, was evaluated in 11 studies. Meta-analyses revealed that low skeletal muscle mass area and index were significantly associated with increased risks of both short (OR = 2.33, CI 1.90-2.87, I[2] = 41.39%)-and long-term mortality (OR = 2.67, CI 1.45-4.92, I[2] = 62.24%). The overall prevalence of low muscle mass was 42% (CI 34-49%, I[2] = 98.2%).

CONCLUSIONS: CT-assessed skeletal muscle mass at the lumbar level on admission to ICU is associated with both short- and long-term mortality. It may serve as a prognostic marker in critically ill patients. Standardized protocols for measuring and defining low skeletal muscle mass in this population are essential to improve comparability across studies.},
}

Humans
*Critical Illness/mortality
*Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
*Muscle, Skeletal/diagnostic imaging
*Mortality/trends
Intensive Care Units/organization & administration/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid40460796,
year = {2025},
author = {Eid, HMA and Al-Kuraishy, HM and Al-Gareeb, AI and Fawzy, MN and Papadakis, M and Almutawif, YA and Alexiou, A and Batiha, GE},
title = {GABA and GABAergic dysfunction in COVID-19: Piecing the puzzle with targeting immunity and several inflammatory pathways.},
journal = {Cytokine},
volume = {193},
number = {},
pages = {156976},
doi = {10.1016/j.cyto.2025.156976},
pmid = {40460796},
issn = {1096-0023},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic disease caused by a new type of respiratory virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The primary factors contributing to inflammatory and immunological diseases in patients with severe COVID-19 are primarily attributed to the excessive activation of T cells and macrophages, resulting in the massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins and chemokines. Studies have indicated that the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) possesses anti-inflammatory properties in mitigating certain inflammatory disorders. It has been shown that inflammation and oxidative stress caused by COVID-19 infection may lead to a disruption of GABAergic neurotransmission in COVID-19 patients. GABA and GABA agonists could be potential successful treatments for the management of COVID-19 by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the nod-like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to discuss the potential role of GABA and GABA agonists in the alleviation of inflammatory disorders caused by COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid40460495,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, Y and Yang, N and Li, Q and Tang, Y and Bai, B and Liu, G},
title = {Intestinal organoids: A novel and ideal in vitro platform for swine enteric coronavirus investigations.},
journal = {Virology},
volume = {610},
number = {},
pages = {110595},
doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2025.110595},
pmid = {40460495},
issn = {1096-0341},
abstract = {Swine enteric coronavirus-derived disease is an acute, highly contagious and infectious disease that causes symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and high lethality in suckling piglets, posing a serious threat to the global pig farming industry. The main viral pathogens responsible for the disease include TGEV, PEDV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV. The investigations of these viruses have been severely impeded by the lack of good in vitro culture systems and small animal models. Intestinal organoids are derived from crypt stem cells, which undergo growth, development and differentiation into structures resembling the intestinal tube morphology, thereby serving as an effective model for studying enteric pathogen‒host interactions in a manner that is as close as possible to in vivo conditions. This review outlines the establishment, regulation, and applications of intestinal organoids, with a particular focus on the advancements in research made possible by swine enteric coronaviruses using this model. The limitations of the intestinal organoids model and potential avenues for future improvement are also discussed. Finally, the findings emphasize the benefits of intestinal organoid models in investigating intestinal pathogen‒host interactions and how they will continue to offer a valuable platform for swine enteric coronavirus research with further developments in intestinal organoid technology.},
}

@article {pmid40458900,
year = {2025},
author = {Biagiola, S and Alfieri, N and Di Mario, S and Evangelista, G and Grima, D and Sodo, S and La Torre, G},
title = {The effect of workload on the development of burnout syndrome in Covid-19 intensive care nurses: a systematic review.},
journal = {Rivista di psichiatria},
volume = {60},
number = {3},
pages = {103-116},
doi = {10.1708/4509.45085},
pmid = {40458900},
issn = {2038-2502},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/nursing/epidemiology ; *Burnout, Professional/epidemiology/etiology ; *Workload/psychology ; *Critical Care Nursing ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Intensive Care Units ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Nowadays, it is well-known that burnout is a syndrome that mainly affects the helping professions. The nursing profession is obviously among those categories of workers that can develop burnout and, precisely because of its proximity to people who suffer associated with high workloads characterized by high emotional impacts.

AIM: The aim of this systematic review is, therefore, to highlight whether the high nursing workload during the pandemic has contributed to the onset of burnout syndrome in nurses who served in intensive care units (ICUs) dedicated to the care of Covid-19 patients.

METHODS: A systematic review was carried out. The main scientific databases were consulted, such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences and CINAHL analyzing all the papers present in literature. Using PRISMA guidelines, fifteen articles were included in the review. The protocol for this review has been registered on PROSPERO, the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024502094). The quality assessment of the articles included in this review was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies.

RESULTS: In accordance with the literature, all the 15 included studies documented high levels of burnout among ICU professionals, nevertheless those levels were greater than the ones registered in the pre-pandemic period. In Covid-19 era, nurses experienced higher levels of burnout compared to other professions and working as a nurse was identified as an independent risk factor for increased risk of burnout. As reported by all included studies, the overwhelming severity of Covid-19 patients entailed a significant increase in workload for health care providers, particularly nurses. Ultimately, this increase showed a significant correlation with increased burnout risk.

CONCLUSIONS: The review highlights the correlation between workload and burnout of nurses in Covid-19 intensive care units. It is expected that this and other studies will contribute to a better understanding of the importance of assigning the adequate workload to nurses.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/nursing/epidemiology
*Burnout, Professional/epidemiology/etiology
*Workload/psychology
*Critical Care Nursing
SARS-CoV-2
Intensive Care Units
Pandemics

@article {pmid40458684,
year = {2025},
author = {Stolker, JM and Steg, PG and Rossini, R and Prabhakaran, D and Tokgözoğlu, L and Sattar, N},
title = {Could Acute COVID-19 Infection Ignite Thrombotic Risk?.},
journal = {European cardiology},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {e14},
pmid = {40458684},
issn = {1758-3764},
abstract = {With the growing body of evidence of the ischaemic and thrombotic risks associated with recent COVID-19 infection, this expert commentary reviews the data on the cardiovascular risk implications of COVID-19 and considers potential management approaches for these patients. The authors' opinions were gauged against a global healthcare professional survey to measure current levels of agreement, lending support to their validity. While the need for ongoing research to improve the understanding of this disease is appreciated, the authors recognise that there is the potential to transform management approaches to reduce the health impact of COVID-19 infection among high-risk patients, especially those with established cardiovascular disease.},
}

@article {pmid40458419,
year = {2025},
author = {Tenkorang, PO and Awuah, WA and Mannan, KM and Roy, S and Nkrumah Boateng, PA and Asiedu, O and Tahiru, M and Ahluwalia, A and Owusu Bediako, NO and Darko, K},
title = {The transformative power of telemedicine in delivering effective neurosurgical care in low and middle-income countries: A review.},
journal = {Brain & spine},
volume = {5},
number = {},
pages = {104269},
pmid = {40458419},
issn = {2772-5294},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Telemedicine has been integrated into healthcare systems for over two decades, with the COVID-19 pandemic accelerating its adoption across various medical fields, including neurosurgery. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face significant challenges such as a shortage of neurosurgeons and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. Teleneurosurgery offers a crucial solution to these challenges, improving access to specialized care and enhancing patient outcomes in resource-constrained settings.

RESEARCH QUESTION: How has teleneurosurgery been used to enhance access to specialized neurological care and improve patient outcomes in low- and middle-income countries?

METHODS: This narrative review employed a comprehensive search strategy to assess the role of telemedicine in neurosurgery within Low- and middle-income countries. Literature was searched across PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus, using specific search terms related to teleneurosurgery, virtual consultations, and remote monitoring. Various study designs, including clinical trials, cohort studies, and case reports, were included, while isolated abstracts and unpublished studies were excluded. The review synthesizes the evidence to inform best practices in resource-limited environments.

RESULTS: Through remote consultations, pre-operative assessments and post-operative follow-up, telemedicine has become an essential tool to improve patient outcomes and increase access to neurosurgical care, particularly in underserved regions. The ability to conduct virtual assessments and provide specialized care remotely reduces the need for patients to travel long distances, thereby reducing the burden on already strained healthcare systems.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Despite its growing adoption, low- and middle-income countries continue to face challenges such as limited internet connectivity, regulatory barriers, and infrastructure deficiencies. However, mobile health solutions, international collaborations, and capacity-building initiatives are helping to overcome these obstacles. The future of teleneurosurgery in low- and middle-income countries is promising, but sustained investment in technology, training, and regulatory frameworks is essential to maximize its impact and address disparities in neurosurgical care.},
}

@article {pmid40372276,
year = {2025},
author = {Wood, C and Salter, WZ and Garcia, I and Nguyen, M and Rios, A and Oropeza, J and Ugwa, D and Mukherjee, U and Sehar, U and Reddy, PH},
title = {Age-associated changes in the heart: implications for COVID-19 therapies.},
journal = {Aging},
volume = {17},
number = {5},
pages = {1340-1367},
doi = {10.18632/aging.206251},
pmid = {40372276},
issn = {1945-4589},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/complications ; *Aging/physiology/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Heart/physiopathology/physiology ; Oxidative Stress ; Female ; Male ; },
abstract = {Cardiac aging involves progressive structural, functional, cellular, and molecular changes that impair heart function. This review explores key mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage heart muscle cells, contributing to fibrosis and cellular aging. Mitochondrial dysfunction reduces energy production and increases oxidative stress, accelerating cardiac decline. Impaired autophagy limits the removal of damaged proteins and organelles, while inflammation activates signaling molecules that drive tissue remodeling. Gender differences reveal estrogen's protective role in premenopausal women, with men showing greater susceptibility to heart muscle dysfunction and injury. After menopause, women lose this hormonal protection, increasing their risk of cardiovascular conditions. Ethnic disparities, particularly among underserved minority populations, emphasize how social factors such as access to care, environment, and chronic stress contribute to worsening cardiovascular outcomes. The coronavirus disease pandemic has introduced further challenges by increasing the incidence of heart damage through inflammation, blood clots, and long-term heart failure, especially in older adults with existing metabolic conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure. The virus's interaction with receptors on heart and blood vessel cells, along with a weakened immune response in older adults, intensifies cardiac aging. Emerging therapies include delivery of therapeutic extracellular vesicles, immune cell modulation, and treatments targeting mitochondria. In addition, lifestyle strategies such as regular physical activity, nutritional improvements, and stress reduction remain vital to maintaining cardiac health. Understanding how these biological and social factors intersect is critical to developing targeted strategies that promote healthy aging of the heart.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/therapy/complications
*Aging/physiology/pathology
SARS-CoV-2
*Heart/physiopathology/physiology
Oxidative Stress
Female
Male

@article {pmid40476261,
year = {2024},
author = {Fadlallah, R and El-Jardali, F and Karroum, LB and Kalach, N and Hoteit, R and Aoun, A and Al-Hakim, L and Verdugo-Paiva, F and Rada, G and Fretheim, A and Lewin, S and Ludolph, R and Akl, EA},
title = {The effects of public health and social measures (PHSM) implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic: An overview of systematic reviews.},
journal = {Cochrane evidence synthesis and methods},
volume = {2},
number = {5},
pages = {e12055},
pmid = {40476261},
issn = {2832-9023},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: To systematically review the effectiveness and unintended health and socioeconomic consequences of public health and social measures (PHSM) aimed at reducing the scale and risk of transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

METHODS: This review followed guidance about overviews of reviews in the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions and used the Epistemonikos database's COVID-19 Living Overview of Evidence repository as a primary search source. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR 2) checklist.

RESULTS: A total of 94 reviews were included, of which eight (9%) had "moderate" to "high" confidence ratings on the AMSTAR 2. Of 16 reviews (17%) reporting applying the GRADE framework, none found high certainty evidence for any of our outcomes of interest. Across the 94 reviews, the most frequently examined PHSM were personal protection (n = 18, 19%). Within multicomponent interventions, so-called "lockdown" was the most frequently examined component (n = 39, 41%). The most frequently reported outcome category was non-COVID-19-related health outcomes (n = 58, 62%). Only five (5%) reviews reported on socioeconomic outcomes. Findings from the eight reviews with moderate or high confidence ratings on AMSTAR 2 are narratively summarized. There is low-certainty evidence that multicomponent interventions may reduce the transmission of COVID-19 in different settings. For active surveillance and response measures, low-certainty evidence suggests that routine testing of residents and staff in long-term care facilities may reduce the number of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths among residents. We found very low-certainty evidence about the effectiveness of personal protection measures, travel-related control measures, and environmental measures. Unintended consequences were rarely examined by those eight reviews.

CONCLUSION: We found predominantly low- to very low-certainty evidence regarding the effectiveness and unintended consequences of PHSM in controlling the risk and scale of COVID-19 transmission. There is a need to improve the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews.},
}

@article {pmid40474993,
year = {2023},
author = {Saif-Ur-Rahman, KM and Movsisyan, A and Kothari, K and Conway, T and Tierney, M and Madden, C and Taneri, PE and O'Halloran, JA and Nurdin, N and Murphy, L and Mulholland, D and Tricco, AC and Devane, D},
title = {Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies: A scoping review.},
journal = {Cochrane evidence synthesis and methods},
volume = {1},
number = {9},
pages = {e12030},
pmid = {40474993},
issn = {2832-9023},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Rapid identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections by testing potentially reduced coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) cases. Testing strategies varied across countries and during different stages of the pandemic. This scoping review aims to map the available evidence on the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies for suspected cases and asymptomatic populations to inform the development of World Health Organization recommendations for SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies.

METHODS: We followed the standard methods for scoping reviews. We searched Medline (OVID), EMBASE (Elsevier), and Europe PMC using a comprehensive search strategy. The search was conducted in January 2023 and covered the period from January 2020 to January 2023. Two review authors independently screened the titles and abstracts, and full texts. Data were extracted onto a pilot-tested form by a review author and cross-checked by another review author. We provided a descriptive report summarizing the extracted data around the outcomes and created an interactive map of the available evidence using the evidence for policy and practice mapper.

RESULTS: We identified 34,550 citations from the databases. After the screening, we included 17 studies from 11 countries for data extraction. The study designs were randomized controlled trials (n = 3), nonrandomized experimental studies (n = 3), cohort studies (n = 3), cross-sectional studies (n = 4), self-controlled case series (n = 1), and economic evaluations (n = 3).  Among the included studies, 14 used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and 10 studies used antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test. The settings of the studies were healthcare facilities (n = 8), communities (n = 4), schools, and workplaces (n = 3). Included studies considered symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, or both, or asymptomatic contacts. Most of the studies (n = 14) reported the COVID-19 positivity rate as the primary outcome. Other reported outcomes are the number of COVID-19 cases (n = 11), number of hospitalizations and deaths (n = 3), and cost (n = 3).

CONCLUSION: We identified evidence gaps in the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies, particularly in specific settings such as schools and long-term care facilities. This scoping review provides a foundation for further research, allowing researchers and stakeholders to focus on addressing the identified gaps.},
}

@article {pmid40476872,
year = {2023},
author = {Leo, BF and Lin, CY and Markandan, K and Saw, LH and Mohd Nadzir, MS and Govindaraju, K and Shariffuddin, II and Sankara, R and Tiong, YW and Pakalapati, H and Khalid, M},
title = {An overview of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and engineering strategies to mitigate risk.},
journal = {Journal of building engineering},
volume = {73},
number = {},
pages = {106737},
pmid = {40476872},
issn = {2352-7102},
abstract = {The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected every aspect of our lives. To date, experts have acknowledged that airborne transmission is a key piece of the SARS-CoV-2 puzzle. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear. Recent works have shown the spreading of SARS-CoV-2 through numerical modeling and experimental works, but the successful applications of engineering approaches in reducing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 are lacking. In this review, the environmental factors that influence the transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2, such as ventilation flow rates, humidity, and temperature, are discussed. Besides, additional macro and micro weather factors, regional and global transmission, and the variants of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 are also reviewed. Engineering approaches that practically reduce the risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions are reported. Given the complex human behavior, environmental properties, and dynamic nature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is reasonable to summarize that SARS-CoV-2 may not be eradicated even with the timely implementation of interventions. Therefore, more research exploring the potential cost-effective ways to control the transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 may be a worthwhile pursuit to moderate the current crisis.},
}

@article {pmid40476929,
year = {2023},
author = {Fanzo, J and Miachon, L},
title = {Harnessing the connectivity of climate change, food systems and diets: Taking action to improve human and planetary health.},
journal = {Anthropocene},
volume = {42},
number = {},
pages = {100381},
pmid = {40476929},
issn = {2213-3054},
abstract = {With climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic, and ongoing conflicts, food systems and the diets they produce are facing increasing fragility. In a turbulent, hot world, threatened resiliency and sustainability of food systems could make it all the more complicated to nourish a population of 9.7 billion by 2050. Climate change is having adverse impacts across food systems with more frequent and intense extreme events that will challenge food production, storage, and transport, potentially imperiling the global population's ability to access and afford healthy diets. Inadequate diets will contribute further to detrimental human and planetary health impacts. At the same time, the way food is grown, processed, packaged, and transported is having adverse impacts on the environment and finite natural resources further accelerating climate change, tropical deforestation, and biodiversity loss. This state-of-the-science iterative review covers three areas. The paper's first section presents how climate change is connected to food systems and how dietary trends and foods consumed worldwide impact human health, climate change, and environmental degradation. The second area articulates how food systems affect global dietary trends and the macro forces shaping food systems and diets. The last section highlights how specific food policies and actions related to dietary transitions can contribute to climate adaptation and mitigation responses and, at the same time, improve human and planetary health. While there is significant urgency in acting, it is also critical to move beyond the political inertia and bridge the separatism of food systems and climate change agendas that currently exists among governments and private sector actors. The window is closing and closing fast.},
}

@article {pmid40476925,
year = {2023},
author = {Hendrikse, R},
title = {Dissecting pandemic-cum-wartime authoritarianism.},
journal = {International politics (Hague, Netherlands)},
volume = {60},
number = {2},
pages = {470-481},
doi = {10.1057/s41311-023-00448-6},
pmid = {40476925},
issn = {1740-3898},
}

@article {pmid40476921,
year = {2023},
author = {Hussain, A and Kausar, T and Sehar, S and Sarwar, A and Quddoos, MY and Aslam, J and Liaqat, A and Siddique, T and An, QU and Kauser, S and Rehman, A and Nisar, R},
title = {A review on biochemical constituents of pumpkin and their role as pharma foods; a key strategy to improve health in post COVID 19 period.},
journal = {Food production, processing and nutrition},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {22},
pmid = {40476921},
issn = {2661-8974},
abstract = {Progression of today's world has been given setback due to the adversity of a novel, viral, deadly outbreak COVID 19, which raised the concerns of the scientists, researchers and health related officials about the inherent and adaptive immune system of the living body and its relation with healthy diet balanced with pharma foods. Now world is coming out of the destructive pandemic era, the choice of right food can help to build and boost adaptive immunity and pumpkin due to excellent profile of functional and nutraceutical constituents could be the part of both infected and non-infected person's daily diet. Vitamins like A, C and E, minerals like zinc, iron and selenium, essential oils, peptides, carotenoids and polysaccharides present in pumpkin could accommodate the prevailing deficiencies in the body to fought against the viral pathogens. In current post COVID 19 scenario adequate supply of healthy diet, balanced with pharma foods could play a basic role in boosting immune system of the populations. This review covers the pharmacological activities of pumpkin functional constituents in relation with COVID 19 pandemic. Pumpkins are well equipped with nutraceuticals and functional bioactives like tocopherols, polyphenols, terpenoids and lutein therefore, consumption and processing of this remarkable vegetable could be encouraged as pharma food due to its antihyperlipidemic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. Need of healthy eating in current post COVID 19 period is very crucial for healthy population, and medicinal foods like pumpkin could play a vital role in developing a healthy community around the globe.},
}

@article {pmid40476919,
year = {2023},
author = {Mermiri, M and Mavrovounis, G and Laou, E and Papagiannakis, N and Pantazopoulos, I and Chalkias, A},
title = {Association of vasopressors with mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Anesthesiology and perioperative science},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {10},
pmid = {40476919},
issn = {2731-8389},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Exogenous catecholamines may have pronounced side effects and affect physiological cascades. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vasopressors on mortality of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted for relevant articles until December 2022. Eligibility criteria were randomized controlled and non-randomized trials. The primary outcome was in-hospital and 30-day mortality. The quality of studies was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) tool, while paired meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled risk ratios (RR) along with their 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI). Analyses of 22 studies (n = 8034) revealed that vasopressor use is associated with mortality compared to no vasopressor therapy [RR (95%CI): 4.30 (3.21, 5.75); p < 0.001]. In-hospital and 30-day mortality are significantly higher in patients who receive vasopressors [RR (95%CI): 4.60 (2.47, 8.55); p < 0.001 and RR (95%CI): 2.97 (1.72, 5.14); p < 0.001, respectively]. Also, analyses of data from 10 studies (n = 3519) revealed that vasopressor use is associated with acute kidney injury [RR (95%CI): 3.17 (2.21, 4.54); p < 0.001]. In conclusion, current use of vasopressors in critically ill patients with COVID-19 may be associated with higher in-hospital mortality, 30-day mortality, and incidence rate of acute kidney injury. Further research is required to estimate the correlation of specific vasopressor characteristics (type, timing, dose, combination) with adverse effects and mortality in this population.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44254-023-00013-7.},
}

@article {pmid40476913,
year = {2023},
author = {Soni, S and Paari, KA},
title = {A review on the immunomodulatory properties of functional nutraceuticals as dietary interventions for children to combat COVID-19 related infections.},
journal = {Food production, processing and nutrition},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {17},
pmid = {40476913},
issn = {2661-8974},
abstract = {COVID-19 is a significant threat to humanity in the present day due to the rapid increase in the number of infections worldwide. While most children may be spared of the direct mortality effects of the disease, those with weak immune systems are prone to adverse effects. Child mortality increases due to the stress caused to the health care system that disrupts essential health care needs such as immunisation and antenatal care. The use of functional foods (FF) aids in disease-prevention as they are known to have protective effects against COVID-19 by boosting children's cellular and humoral immunity. Plant components such as glycyrrhizin, epigallocatechin gallate, allicin, and fucoidan exhibit antiviral properties against various viruses, including SARS-CoV 2. Microbial foods that are made of probiotics, can enhance immunity against various respiratory viruses. Food enriched with additives such as lactoferrin, piperine, and zinc can boost immunity against COVID-19. With proper definitive drug therapy not available for treating COVID-19 and most of the disease management tools rely on symptoms and non-specific supportive care, developing a functional paediatric formulation will prevent further deterioration in infant health. It is wise to investigate the toxicological aspects of Functional Foods components especially when formulating for children. The safe limits of ingredients should be strictly followed during FFs formulation. Stronger regulations with advanced analytical techniques can help to formulate functional foods into the mainstream in child nutraceuticals. The purpose of this review is to compile collective information on the functional nutraceuticals specifically for infants and children up to the age of 10 years that could confer immunity against COVID-19 and other related viruses.},
}

@article {pmid40476908,
year = {2023},
author = {Yang, D and Wang, H and Metwally, AHS and Huang, R},
title = {Student engagement during emergency remote teaching: A scoping review.},
journal = {Smart learning environments},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {24},
pmid = {40476908},
issn = {2196-7091},
abstract = {Research on student engagement has recently gained popularity as it can address problems such as early dropout and poor achievement. The growing interest in investigating student engagement during the Covid-19 pandemic is reflected in increased publications addressing this topic. However, no review provided research evidence and an overview of existing literature on student engagement during emergency remote teaching (ERT). We reviewed how student engagement studies were undertaken during ERT from three perspectives: (1) the landscape of studies, (2) methodologies issues, and (3) the strategies used to facilitate student engagement. 42 articles were analysed from an initial pool of 436 search results. The findings illustrate that current studies were predominately undertaken in the United States (36%) and China (22%) with focusing on STEM subjects as a dominant discipline. The literature was largely inconsistent in defining and measuring student engagement. In addition, the majority of studies (57%) investigated students' engagement from the perspective of students, unlike other stakeholders. The most prominent finding is that ERT promoted several important engagement strategies, including motivational factors, teachers' facilitation, a hybrid learning model, and using learning technologies to boost students' engagement.},
}

@article {pmid40477251,
year = {2022},
author = {Llinás-Caballero, K and Rodríguez, Y and Fernández-Sarmiento, J and Rodríguez-Jiménez, M and Anaya, JM},
title = {Kawasaki disease in Colombia: A systematic review and contrast with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19.},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {S66-S76},
pmid = {40477251},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis with multisystem involvement. Recently, the increasing incidence of a condition that closely resembles KD in many cases, named multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), has set off alarms amid the current worldwide coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Hence, the aim is to conduct a systematic review of the literature about KD in Colombia and contrast it with COVID-19-related MIS-C.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was carried out in both international and Latin American electronic databases for publications concerning patients with KD in the Colombian population. Records were then screened by titles and/or abstracts, assessed for eligibility, and reviewed. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The search included studies reporting MIS-C associated with COVID-19, and compared these patients with our findings of KD in Colombia.

RESULTS: Out of 36 publications retrieved, 17 were included, representing 120 individuals. Male to female ratio was 1.6, and most patients (90.4%) were aged 5 years or less. Among the main features of KD, fever was the most frequent (96.2% of the patients), while cervical lymphadenopathy was present in only 40.6%. Intravenous immunoglobulin was administered in 91.4% cases and 6.2% were resistant. Cardiac involvement was found in around 30%, and 20% had coronary artery lesions. Comparison between MIS-C associated with COVID-19 and KD in Colombia indicates that patients affected by MIS-C were older (72.2% of MIS-C patients > 5 years), had higher rates of cardiac involvement, and required critical care more often.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings of KD in Colombia are consistent with the available descriptions of KD in the scientific literature. Given the increasing rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Colombia and Latin America, our study raises awareness about MIS-C in pediatric patients with COVID-19 and its relationship with KD.},
}

@article {pmid40477143,
year = {2021},
author = {Naranjo Arango, YA and Farfán Cortés, AYAA and García Henao, JP and Arango Slingsby, C and Saldarriaga Rivera, LM},
title = {[Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19: a rheumatology perspective].},
journal = {Revista colombiana de reumatologia},
volume = {28},
number = {4},
pages = {289-299},
pmid = {40477143},
issn = {2027-9000},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) produced by SARS-CoV-2 has taken on great importance in recent months, and is under constant investigation by different areas of medicine, including rheumatology, in search of the best evidence scientific. In the case of the paediatric population, it is particularly important as it was first thought that the impact of the pandemic in this population would be less due to the low presence of severe cases. Evidence is now being reported of clinical pictures in children with a diagnosis of COVID-19 who are characterised by an altered inflammatory state consisting of a storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produces manifestations similar to those presented in autoimmune diseases, such as Kawasaki disease. It has been called Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome in children, temporarily associated with SARS-CoV-2 which, in many cases requires hospitalisation in paediatric intensive care units and multidisciplinary management by various specialties.},
}

@article {pmid40477261,
year = {2021},
author = {Xia, X and Wang, Y and Zheng, JC},
title = {Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in mediating RNA virus infection.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {179-185},
pmid = {40477261},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 has once again shrouded people in the enormous threat of RNA virus. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), eukaryotic cells-derived small bi-layer vesicles mainly consisting of exosomes and microvesicles, share many properties with RNA viruses including structure, size, generation, and uptake. Emerging evidence has implicated the involvement of EVs in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases induced by RNA viruses. EVs can transfer viral receptors (e.g., ACE2 and CD9) to recipient cells to facilitate viral infection, directly transport infectious viral particles to adjacent cells for virus spreading, and mask viruses with a host structure to escape immune surveillance. Here, we examine the current status of EVs to summarize their roles in mediating RNA virus infection, together with a comprehensive discussion of the underlying mechanisms.},
}

@article {pmid40477216,
year = {2021},
author = {Huang, Q and Yan, J},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 virus: Vaccines in development.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {131-138},
pmid = {40477216},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is an unprecedented challenge to humanity. Global herd immunity may be necessary before resumption of normal economic and societal activities. Since the beginning of the outbreak, the development of COVID-19 vaccines has proceeded at record speed using nearly all available platforms or strategies to maximize vaccine success. A total of 42 vaccine candidates have now entered clinical trials and encouraging data from several vaccine candidates in phase 1 or 2 clinical trials have been reported. In this review, we examine current COVID-19 vaccine candidates, discuss their strengths and weaknesses, summarize published clinical data and analyze future challenges.},
}

@article {pmid40477151,
year = {2021},
author = {Li, T and Zhang, T and Gu, Y and Li, S and Xia, N},
title = {Current progress and challenges in the design and development of a successful COVID-19 vaccine.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {139-150},
pmid = {40477151},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still a worldwide concern, with little to no sign of a decreasing trend. There is a general consensus that normal life will be hampered until a safe and effective vaccine strategy is available and globally administered. Numerous countries have accelerated the clinical trials process for the development of a successful COVID-19 treatment, with over 200 candidates presently available for testing against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we provide an overview of the COVID-19 vaccine candidates currently in development, discuss the scientific and practical challenges associated with COVID-19 vaccine design, and share the potential strategies that could be exploited for vaccine design success.},
}

@article {pmid40477122,
year = {2021},
author = {Lin, Y and Zhao, Z and Zheng, J and Liu, J and Huang, A},
title = {Realization of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infections.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {186-188},
pmid = {40477122},
issn = {2667-3258},
}

@article {pmid40477259,
year = {2021},
author = {Scerri, M and Grech, V},
title = {Discussion: COVID-19's impact on sports and athletes.},
journal = {German journal of exercise and sport research},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {390-393},
pmid = {40477259},
issn = {2509-3150},
abstract = {As major sport events have been cancelled and postponed in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the necessity to protect and provide a holistic approach to the professional athlete has never been greater. To do so one must understand the negative consequences for athletes in relation to the cancellation and postponement of such events caused by a communicable pandemic. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of how athletes were affected during the current COVID-19 pandemic. It will also discuss the role of athletes during a pandemic. Athletes like other celebrities can be role models. They can encourage appropriate behaviours including social distancing to help stall the spread of the virus through social media. The article ends with a short discussion on the resumption of sports after lockdown. In such a context of uncertainty, maximum caution is needed for resumption of sports to ensure a smooth return to previous high levels of training and fitness.},
}

@article {pmid40477247,
year = {2021},
author = {Geng, Q},
title = {The Belt and Road Initiative and its Implications for Global Renewable Energy Development.},
journal = {Current sustainable/renewable energy reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {40-49},
pmid = {40477247},
issn = {2196-3010},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article first demonstrates the natural potential of renewable energy development in BRI countries; second, the Rising Power Framework is introduced to investigate the improvement brought by BRI for renewable energy development in host countries. Finally, the political and economic challenges as well as those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic for renewable energy development are also identified.

RECENT FINDINGS: The review shows that the BRI project indeed improved the renewable energy development in host countries, while the scale of renewable energy development, especially solar and wind energy, is heavily dependent on the amount of funding; moreover, the degree of technological improvement is determined by host countries' development needs and absorption capacity.

SUMMARY: In conclusion, this paper proposes a consideration related to the structure of energy investment under the BRI.},
}

@article {pmid40477027,
year = {2020},
author = {Chen, D and Zhu, L and Lin, X and Hong, Z and Li, S and Liu, L and Zhou, D},
title = {Epilepsy control during an epidemic: emerging approaches and a new management framework.},
journal = {Acta epileptologica},
volume = {2},
number = {},
pages = {6},
pmid = {40477027},
issn = {2524-4434},
abstract = {Epidemics are a big threat to world health. The ongoing pandemic of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a series of challenges to public health. One such challenge is the management of chronic diseases such as epilepsy during an epidemic event. Studies on this topic are rather limited and the related medical practice is full of uncertainty. Here we review recent development of potential approaches for epilepsy control during an epidemic and propose a new three-level management framework to address these challenges.},
}

@article {pmid40477081,
year = {2020},
author = {Lakhtakia, S and Ramchandani, M},
title = {Triaging Patients Undergoing Endoscopy During COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {41-43},
pmid = {40477081},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {"Triaging for endoscopy" is the process to determine the most deserving patients after careful scrutiny amongst a pool of patients who report for Gastrointestinal (GI) Endoscopy diagnostic or interventional procedures that include Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD), Colonoscopy, ERCP, EUS and Enteroscopy. The purpose of triaging at endoscopy is to prevent transmission of SARS-COV2 infection from suspected patient to the health care workers involved at endoscopy. The three professional Indian Gastroenterology bodies namely Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India (SGEI), Indian Society of Gastroenterology (ISG) & Indian Association for the study of the liver (INASL) have recently provided guidance of scheduling of endoscopic procedures in the current Covid-9 pandemic. Similar suggestions have been promulgated by other international bodies.},
}

@article {pmid40477080,
year = {2020},
author = {Dhar Chowdhury, S and Oommen, AM},
title = {Epidemiology of COVID-19.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {3-7},
pmid = {40477080},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {COVID-19, an infectious respiratory illness caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV2), has now spread to multiple countries including India. The pace at which the disease spread in the last 4 months, since it was first recognized from China, is unprecedented. This review of the epidemiology of COVID-19 summarizes the burden of infection, transmission dynamics, and other related epidemiological features. While countries such as China, Italy, and the United States have particularly high-rates of infection, the disease is gradually spreading in India as well, threatening the health and economy of the country. Transmission in asymptomatic cases, early symptomatic phase, as well as limited access to testing in different settings are factors that have led to the rapid spread of infection. A large case series from China revealed that 81% of cases had mild symptoms, 14% had severe disease, and 5% were afflicted with critical illness. While the mortality in China was reported as 2.3%, Italy, with a high-proportion of elderly, reported a case fatality report of 7.2% due to higher infection and mortality rates among the elderly. Being a highly infectious disease, with a basic reproduction number between 2 to 3, COVID-19 is affecting a large number of healthcare workers, as evidenced by the fact that a sizeable portion of reported infections in the US included healthcare workers. Delivering health care for both COVID-19 affected individuals, as well those with other acute and chronic conditions, with limited access to healthcare facilities and services, are challenges for the health systems in low- and middle-income countries, which require immediate measures for health system strengthening across sectors.},
}

@article {pmid40477079,
year = {2020},
author = {Gunjan, D and Garg, P},
title = {Indications for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy during the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {33-38},
pmid = {40477079},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {The global pandemic due to COVID-19 presents an unprecedented challenge to mankind including healthcare providers. Many COVID-19 infected patients may present with gastrointestinal symptoms. Endoscopic services may be required in complicated COVID-19 infected or suspected patients. In addition, resource allocation would demand judicious use of endoscopy services. There is a definite risk of transmission of COVID-19 during endoscopy to healthcare professionals. We recommend that only emergency and life-saving endoscopic procedures should be performed during COVID-19 pandemic, and semi-elective procedures should be performed after careful consideration. All routine endoscopy procedures should be deferred till normal hospital services resume. For emergency endoscopy procedures, prescreening of patients is critical to avoid nosocomial transmission. To prevent cross-infection among healthcare professionals, strict infection control measures should be practiced in endoscopy suite while providing essential endoscopic services to the patients.},
}

@article {pmid40477066,
year = {2020},
author = {Zacharias, P and Ahamed, H},
title = {Techniques of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy-Do We Need to Change Anything?.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {55-58},
pmid = {40477066},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to different parts of the world and was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). Health care workers are at increased risk of contracting the disease due to their nature of work and close contact with the patients. Staff in endoscopy need to be aware of this risk due to the aerosol-generating nature of procedures and the presence of virus particles in stool samples of infected persons. The risk of asymptomatic patients spreading the disease is also a cause for concern. This article intends to provide guidance and recommendations for techniques and practice of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy to prevent infection in endoscopy unit.},
}

@article {pmid40477060,
year = {2020},
author = {Mathew, S and Philip, M},
title = {Personal Protective Equipment during Endoscopy.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {45-52},
pmid = {40477060},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which originated in China has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). This virus gets transmitted through air droplets and direct contact. Health care workers doing aerosol-generating procedures are at a higher risk of acquiring the infection. Many procedures done by the gastrointestinal endoscopists are classified as aerosol-generating procedures, which in turn underline the need for proper safety precautions during these procedures. Apart from general safety measures advised by various organizations, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is a pivotal factor in safeguarding health care personnel during endoscopy. This article provides a short overview of the different PPEs available and their proper use in endoscopy.},
}

@article {pmid40477045,
year = {2020},
author = {Jha, AK and Kumar, R and Goenka, MK and Dayal, VM},
title = {Emerging Treatment and Prevention Strategies against COVID-19: A Brief Update.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {69-72},
pmid = {40477045},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {Patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at significantly increased risk for mortality and morbidity. Current management remains supportive care, ranging from symptomatic outpatient management to full-intensive care support, including intravenous fluids, invasive, and non-invasive oxygen supplementation. In patients with septic shock, treatment with antibiotics and vasopressors are recommended to keep mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥ 65 mm Hg and lactate < 2 mmol/L. Because of the lack of effectiveness and possible adverse effects, routine corticosteroids should be avoided unless they are indicated for another reason (exacerbation of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], and septic shock in whom fluids and vasopressors do not restore hemodynamic stability). There is currently no sufficient evidence of efficacy of hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, remdesivir, and other antivirals in the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. Limited evidence shows that COVID-19 convalescent plasma can be used as a treatment of COVID-19 without the occurrence of severe adverse events. Drug regulatory agencies granted an emergency-use authorization of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir to treat patients when a clinical trial is not available or participation is not feasible. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are associated with QT interval prolongation and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Guidelines are issued for use of convalescent plasma in patients with serious or immediately life-threatening COVID-19. Data from several ongoing randomized controlled trials will provide further evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid40477041,
year = {2020},
author = {Patel, DA and Shah, CN},
title = {Navigating Through the Financial Crisis that may Occur during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic for Gastroenterologists.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {76-80},
pmid = {40477041},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {Introduction Considering the specific set of gastrointestinal endoscopy practitioners, it is witnessed that the number of patients forelective procedures are being deferred by the patients amid various concerns ranging from financial constraint to the fear of infection from the dreaded coronavirus. With Routine endoscopy procedures recommended to be safely postponed, the impact on the practice of Gastrointestinal Endoscopists shall be magnified. Assessment and Strategy The article discusses impact and remedial actions that may be taken by Gastrointestinal Endoscopists, which classified into: - Anindependent practitioner - A consultant - An employee The article further touches upon the difficulties that might be envisaged by the Gastrointestinal Endoscopists, and obtain a financial understanding of what could potentially lead to an existential crisis? Those with cash reserves sit in a pleasant position i.e. they can buy assets at an attractive price, experiment with new ideas, research and development, etc. It is imperative in these times to understand the uncertainty cast on operations of Gastrointestinal Endoscopists and prepare a response plan for coming out of this economic crisis. A roadmap also has been devised which provides a possible outline of a plan that can be implemented for handling the economic crisis. It is also important to answer these two questions: 1. Who do I want to be during the crisis? 2. Who do I want to be when this is over?},
}

@article {pmid40477032,
year = {2020},
author = {Setya, AK},
title = {Being Legally Sound in the COVID-19 Era.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {83-86},
pmid = {40477032},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {All the three Indian gastroenterology societies (Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India, Indian Society of Gastroenterology, and Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver) jointly recommend to consider only emergency and urgent endoscopy procedures for the next 1 month or till the current threat due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is over. Two laws that are penal in nature are now applicable in the current pandemic, namely the Epidemics Diseases Act 1897 and the Indian Penal Code 1860. No act of an endoscopist should be seen to be in contravention of any of the aforementioned laws, and the sections thereunder as provisions of the Indian Penal Code can be attracted in the current scenario for spreading an infectious disease either knowingly (Section 270) or unknowingly or negligently (Section 269). Section 4 of the Epidemics Disease Act 1897 gives legal protection to every person who has acted under this Act or the directions issued under this Act subject to only one condition, that is, the act must have been done in good faith. Though the hospitals are obliged to ensure personal safety of its staff legally, morally and ethically, because of the huge gap in demand and supply of personal protective equipment (PPE), it is advisable to arrange PPE on one's own to first protect oneself and then, by extension, to prevent the spread to others. The dictum is "take care of yourself." Self-preservation is a supreme law. In the current COVID-19 pandemic conditions, certain additional information, to be agreed upon by the patient, needs to be incorporated in the consent. It should be incorporated in the consent that: • While all the necessary precautions are being taken, there is a finite though small risk that the patient may contract the infection from the hospital. • He/she indemnifies the hospital and the endoscopist against any such liability arising out of any action taken while doing the procedure. • Furthermore, to protect the patient him/herself, he/she agrees to get the preprocedural test for COVID-19 as well as bear the additional cost of the PPE used by the endoscopist and support staff. Several of those who have undergone an endoscopy would require a follow-up consultation. As it is difficult to have physical interaction, teleconsultation may be done as per the telemedicine practice guidelines issued by the Medical Council of India (MCI).},
}

@article {pmid40477030,
year = {2020},
author = {Sud, R and Sud, S},
title = {Way Forward: Gastrointestinal Tract Endoscopy Work Flow Postlockdown Era.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {89-91},
pmid = {40477030},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {Gastrointestinal tract endoscopy being an aerosol generating procedure increases the risk to staff and uninfected patients from a coronavirus disease 2019 patient. Social and physical distancing through "lockdown" has suppressed the spread of disease but will not eradicate it. Various endoscopy societies formulated guidelines to triage the patients and limit the work to only emergency and urgent cases and postpone "routine" endoscopies. Postlockdown infected vector pool will persist till an effective vaccine is widely available. Nonurgent cases cannot be postponed indefinitely. We need to identify infected symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals and create a safe environment for uninfected patients. Endoscopy staff protection through education, optimized manpower flow, and personal protective equipment usage and hand hygiene needs urgent attention. Proper environment sanitization, endoscope, and device reprocessing will remain important.},
}

@article {pmid40477028,
year = {2020},
author = {Rai, P},
title = {Disinfection of Endoscopy and Reusability of Accessories.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {61-66},
pmid = {40477028},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {Corona viruses are a group of medium-sized positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with crown-like structure due to projections noted over the surface of the virus. The infection has been declared as a pandemic by the world health organization (WHO) in March 2020. Health care professionals in endoscopy are at high risk of infection by novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from inhalation of droplets, conjunctival contact, feces, and touch contamination. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is considered to be a high-risk aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the live virus has been found in patient stool. Flexible endoscopes when contaminated have been considered as the vector for transmission of infections. Infections related to the side viewing endoscopes and endoscopic ultrasound scopes are more frequent than upper GI scope and colonoscopes. Stratifying patients needing endoscopy and deferral of elective procedures will help to decrease the virus spread. Planning and revision of workflows is necessary for safety of patient and staff and to successfully provide infection prevention and control measures, for this a "three zones and two passages" concept should be followed. Manual cleaning followed by high-level disinfection (HLD), effectively eliminates nearly all microorganisms from endoscopes during reprocessing. Transmission of viral infections during endoscopy is quite rare and, it is usually the result of noncompliance from the essential steps of reprocessing. Reuse of any disposable GI endoscopic device is strongly discouraged. Environmental decontamination is essential to reduce the risk of fomite transmission. Noncritical environmental surfaces frequently touched by hands (e.g., bedside tables and bed rails) and endoscopy furniture and floor should be considered heavily contaminated in patients with intermediate or high risk of COVID-19 and should be thoroughly disinfected at the end of each procedure. If available, negative pressure rooms are preferred for endoscopy, as has been advised by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Staff involved in reprocessing and the cleaning of endoscopy rooms should utilize personal protective equipment (PPE) including N95 mask. Reprocessing staff should undergo necessary training and ongoing annual assessment of competency.},
}

@article {pmid40477023,
year = {2020},
author = {Rana, SS},
title = {Risk of COVID-19 Transmission During Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {27-30},
pmid = {40477023},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {COVID-19 is a viral illness caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is highly contagious virus with human-to-human transmission being primarily attributed to direct contact or air droplets. It is highly infectious and contagious due to high-viable viral loads in the upper respiratory tract secretions of infected patients and also similar viral load being detected in both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. The virus stability characteristics and modes of transmission via fomites and air droplets make gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy a high-risk procedure for COVID-19 transmission. This review discusses the currently available literature on risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during GI endoscopy.},
}

@article {pmid40476996,
year = {2020},
author = {Samanta, J and Dhar, J and Khaliq, A and Kochhar, R},
title = {2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection: Gastrointestinal Manifestations.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {13-18},
pmid = {40476996},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {The world is witnessing a major public health crisis in the wake of the third coronavirus strain pandemic, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Although initially thought to be a pure respiratory pathogen, recent reports have highlighted not only the extrapulmonary effects of the virus but also, importantly, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) effects. Various studies have looked into the effects of this novel coronavirus infection (coronavirus-19 disease [COVID-19]) on GIT involvement with reports of more frequent involvement than previously expected. With feco-oral transmission, debate being conclusively proven with fecal samples testing positive for COVID-19 and longer shedding time, it only underlines the importance of GIT involvement. Moreover, the presence of other GI diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, with COVID-19 infection might wreak havoc leading to poor patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid40476992,
year = {2020},
author = {Singla, V and Arora, A},
title = {Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019.},
journal = {Journal of digestive endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {21-23},
pmid = {40476992},
issn = {0976-5050},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new infectious disease that has spread rapidly throughout the world. The disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a member of the Coronaviridae family. Though the pulmonary involvement is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas has been explained in these patients. The literature is rapidly changing because of influx of new information with every passage of time. The most common hepatic presentation is mild elevation of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase, which does not require specific treatment. Occasionally, patients can have severe liver injury. Because of underlying predisposing factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, patients with nonalcoholic liver disease may be at risk of severe disease. Patients with decompensated liver disease may also be vulnerable to severe disease. Behavior of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C, autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis is yet to be seen. The prevalence and severity of COVID-19 patients with the aforementioned diseases may be different. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 on an underlying liver disease is not known. COVID-19 may complicate the peritransplant period and throw new challenges in these patients. Drugs used to treat severe COVID-19 may cause liver injury and may have an effect on the underlying disease activity. Both hepatic and pancreatic involvement is related to the severity of COVID-19 disease. Serum amylase and lipase levels may be elevated in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. The involvement of pancreatic islet cells may lead to deranged blood sugar levels and potentially predispose to future diabetes mellitus. There are many unknown facts that will unfold with the passage of time.},
}

@article {pmid40477082,
year = {2020},
author = {Smith, M},
title = {Review of Neil Selwyn, Felicitas Macgilchrist, and Ben Williamson (2020). Digital Education after COVID-19. TECHLASH, 1.},
journal = {Postdigital science and education},
volume = {2},
number = {3},
pages = {1047-1051},
doi = {10.1007/s42438-020-00184-7},
pmid = {40477082},
issn = {2524-4868},
}

@article {pmid40477047,
year = {2020},
author = {Roos, YH},
title = {Water and Pathogenic Viruses Inactivation-Food Engineering Perspectives.},
journal = {Food engineering reviews},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {251-267},
pmid = {40477047},
issn = {1866-7929},
abstract = {Water is an essential component of food structures and biological materials. The importance of water as a parameter affecting virion stability and inactivation has been recognized across disciplinary areas. The large number of virus species, differences in spreading, likelihood of foodborne infections, unknown infective doses, and difficulties of infective virus quantification are often limiting experimental approaches to establish accurate data required for detailed understanding of virions' stability and inactivation kinetics in various foods. Furthermore, non-foodborne viruses, as shown by the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) pandemic, may spread within the food chain. Traditional food engineering benefits from kinetic data on effects of relative humidity (RH) and temperature on virion inactivation. The stability of enteric viruses, human norovirus (HuNoV), and hepatitis A (HAV) virions in food materials and their resistance against inactivation in traditional food processing and preservation is well recognized. It appears that temperature-dependence of virus inactivation is less affected by virus strains than differences in temperature and RH sensitivity of individual virus species. Pathogenic viruses are stable at low temperatures typical of food storage conditions. A significant change in activation energy above typical protein denaturation temperatures suggests a rapid inactivation of virions. Furthermore, virus inactivation mechanisms seem to vary according to temperature. Although little is known on the effects of water on virions' resistance during food processing and storage, dehydration, low RH conditions, and freezing stabilize virions. Enveloped virions tend to have a high stability at low RH, but low temperature and high RH may also stabilize such virions on metal and other surfaces for several days. Food engineering has contributed to significant developments in stabilization of nutrients, flavors, and sensitive components in food materials which provides a knowledge base for development of technologies to inactivate virions in foods and environment. Novel food processing, particularly high pressure processing (HPP) and cold plasma technologies, seem to provide efficient means for virion inactivation and food quality retention prior to packaging or food preservation by traditional technologies.},
}

@article {pmid40476954,
year = {2020},
author = {Liu, Y and Lee, JM and Lee, C},
title = {The challenges and opportunities of a global health crisis: the management and business implications of COVID-19 from an Asian perspective.},
journal = {Asian business & management},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
pages = {277-297},
pmid = {40476954},
issn = {1476-9328},
abstract = {On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a pandemic. As the evolution and implications of the COVID-19 crisis are still unfolding, we posit that exploring the experiences and strategic responses of Asian countries may shed light on ways to combat COVID-19 for the rest of the world. In this paper, we first articulate the importance of resilience, strategic agility, and entrepreneurship in the context of the fight against COVID-19. Then, with the focus on China, South Korea, and Singapore, we discuss the impact COVID-19 is having on economies and businesses, governmental support for businesses and societies, and implications for global supply chain disruptions. We hope that the global health system will recover quickly, and that the world economy will be revitalized with the contributions and collaboration of science (including social science), industry, and governments.},
}